Table 1.
Overview of AXL overexpression in GI neoplasms.
| GI organ/type of cancer | AXL overexpression or gene amplification | References |
|---|---|---|
| Barrett’s esophagus/low grade dysplasia/high grade dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) | Protein (IHC), DNA (SAGE) | (11) |
| EAC | Protein (IHC) | (46, 47) |
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) | Protein (IHC) | (43) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | Protein (IHC) Protein (WB and IHC) sAXL protein in plasma (ELISA) sAXL protein in plasma (ELISA) |
(48) (44) (49) (48) |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) | Protein (IHC) Protein (IHC) |
(13) (50) |
| Gastric cancer | mRNA (qRT-PCR), protein (IHC) | (45) |
| Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) | mRNA (Array), protein (IHC) mRNA (NGS), protein (IHC) DNA (FISH), protein (IHC) |
(9) (42) (51) |
IHC, immunohistochemistry; WB, western blotting; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR; NGS, next generation sequencing; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; sAXL, soluble AXL protein; SAGE, serial analysis of gene expression.