Table 2.

Characteristics of participants and their association with ANC outcomes, Western Nepal

Characteristics	Distribution of sample (N = 735)	ANC Outcomes#
	n (%)	Under-utilisation of ANC ( < = 3 ANC) visits	Late initiation of ANC	Sub-optimal ANC
Maternal age*		p = 0.059	P = 0.645	p < 0.01
15–19 years	66 (9.0)
20–29 years	547 (74.8)
30–45 years	118 (16.2)
Maternal education*		p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
No formal education	191 (26.1)
Primary to lower secondary	242 (33.1)
Secondary and above	299 (40.8)
Partner’s education		p < 0.001	p = 0.005	p < 0.001
No formal education	72 (9.8)
Primary to lower secondary	305 (41.7)
Secondary and above	355 (48.5)
Partner’s occupation		P = 0.101	P = 0.508	P = 0.046
Employed	102 (13.9)
Semi-employed	513 (70.1)
Unemployed	117 (16.0)
Ethnicity		p = 0.01	p = 0.220	p < 0.001
Dalit (Hill and Terai)	94 (12.8)
Madhesi (non-dalit)	262 (35.8)
Tharu	91 (12.4)
Hilly origin (non-dalit)	285 (38.9)
Type of family*		p = 0.96	p = 0.316	P = 0.026
Joint	528 (72.5)
Nuclear	200 (27.5)
Place of residence		p = 0.748	p = 0.004	p < 0.001
Rural	378 (51.6)
Urban	354 (48.4)
Wealth status		p = 0.069	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
Poor	294 (40.2)
Middle	293 (40.0)
Rich	145 (19.8)
Maternal smoking		P = 0.671	P = 0.371	p < 0.001
Daily	26 (3.6)
Sometimes or past smoker	28 (3.8)
Non-smoker	678 (92.6)
Parity*		p < 0.001	p = 0.136	p = 0.028
Primiparous	313 (42.8)
Multiparous	418 (57.2)
Place of ANC service		p < 0.001	p = 0.009	p < 0.001
Home	48 (6.6)
Hospitals	268 (36.6)
Outreach clinic	67 (9.2)
Health posts	321 (43.9)
Private clinics and nursing home	25 (3.8)

P-value **Chi-square p-value; *missing value presents. ^# detailed results from cross tabulation provided in supplementary files