Table 3.
Factors influencing ANC outcomes in Western Nepal
| Factors | Underutilisation of ANC AOR (95% CI). |
Late initiation of ANC AOR (95% CI). |
Suboptimal ANC AOR (95% CI). |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Education | |||
| Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| No formal education | 2.02 (1.21, 3.37)* | 2.14 (1.34, 3.43)* | 2.7 (1.60, 4.66)* |
| Primary to lower secondary | 1.99 (1.25, 3.17)* | 2.08 (1.39, 3.13)* | 1.67 (1.05, 2.66)* |
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous | 1.00 | ||
| Multiparous | 1.17 (1.13, 2.47)* | ||
| Place of service delivery | |||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.0 | |
| Hospitals | 0.16 (0.08, 0.32)* | 0.49 (0.21, 1.12) | |
| Outreach clinic | 0.19 (0.09, 0.46)* | 0.42 (0.16, 1.10) | |
| Health posts | 0.20 (0.11, 0.38)* | 0.67 (0.29, 1.56) | |
| Private clinics and nursing home | 0.13 (0.03, 0.51)* | 0.27 (0.08, 0.87)* | |
| Place of residence | |||
| Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Urban | 3.06 (2.03, 4.60)* | 1.49 (1.01, 2.22)* | |
| Wealth status | |||
| Rich | 1.0 | ||
| Poor | 2.32 (1.43, 3.78) * | ||
| Middle | 1.42 (0.92, 2.19) | ||
| Maternal age | |||
| 15–19 years | 1.0 | ||
| 20–29 years | 0.47 (0.27, 0.83)* | ||
| 30–45 years | 0.81 (0.41, 1.59) | ||
| Maternal smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 1.0 | ||
| Daily | 2.59 (1.05, 6.37)* | ||
| Sometimes or past smoker | 1.09 (0.46, 2.58) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Dalit (Hill and Terai) | 1.0 | ||
| Madhesi (non-dalit) | 2.63 (1.49, 4.61)* | ||
| Tharu | 1.21 (0.60, 2.44) | ||
| Hilly origin (non-dalit) | 1.70 (0.89, 3.25) |
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio. 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval. *p-value < 0.05