Table 2.

Characteristics of ICU patients

Variables	DNR (n = 45)	Withholding (n = 38)	Withdrawal (n = 17)	P
Reasons for ICU admission, n (%)				0.503
Respiratory failure	22 (48.9)	24 (63.2)	11 (64.7)
Septic shock	18 (40.0)	13 (34.2)	5 (29.4)
Others	5 (11.1)	1 (2.6)	1 (5.9)
SOFA score
Within 24 h	8.9 ± 4.1	8.5 ± 3.6	9.3 ± 3.7	0.770
At 48 h	10.9 ± 4.4	9.8 ± 4.8	9.8 ± 3.9	0.521
Therapy within 24 h, n (%)
Vasopressors	36 (80.0)	24 (63.2)	11 (64.7)	0.194
Inotropes	2 (4.4)	0 (0.0)	2 (11.8)	0.093
HFNC	17 (37.8)	15 (39.5)	5 (29.4)	0.767
MV	29 (64.4)	21 (55.3)	10 (58.8)	0.692
Therapy during ICU stay, n (%)
HFNC	19 (42.2)	20 (52.6)	6 (35.3)	0.431
MV	35 (77.8)	26 (68.4)	13 (76.5)	0.655
RRT	21 (46.7)	6 (15.8)	5 (29.4)	0.011
ECMO	1 (2.2)	0 (0.0)	2 (11.8)	0.074
Events during ICU stay, n (%)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia	8 (17.8)	4 (10.5)	3 (17.6)	0.698
Catheter-related infection	6 (13.3)	1 (2.6)	0 (0.0)	0.098
Urinary tract infection	4 (8.9)	3 (7.9)	2 (11.8)	0.810
ARDS	9 (20.0)	13 (34.2)	3 (17.6)	0.294
Arrhythmia	14 (31.1)	5 (13.2)	2 (11.8)	0.099
Bleeding requiring intervention	6 (13.3)	2 (5.3)	0 (0.0)	0.225
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	5 (11.1)	3 (7.9)	1 (5.9)	0.902
ICU duration	8 (5–20)	9.5 (5–17)	15 (6–32)	0.399
MV duration	5 (1–15)	5 (0–12)	4 (3–15)	0.879
ICU mortality	40 (88.9)	27 (71.1)	11 (64.7)	0.048
30-day mortality after ICU admission	38 (84.4)	32 (84.2)	9 (52.9)	0.026
60-day mortality after ICU admission	40 (88.9)	36 (94.7)	15 (88.2)	0.581

Values are presented as the mean ± SD, median (IQR), or number (%)

ICU Intensive care unit, DNR Do not resuscitate, SOFA Sequential Organ Dysfunction Assessment, HFNC High-flow nasal cannula, MV Mechanical ventilation, RRT Renal replacement therapy, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome