Table 3.
Factors associated with psychological distress in children and adolescents (9–18 years old) during and after the first COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown in France in spring 2020: univariable multinomial logistic regression, CONFEADO study, France, 2020. (N = 3103)
| Variable | Moderate distress vs. No or mild distress | Severe distress vs. No or mild distress | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | |
| Children and adolescents socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Female | 2.58 [2.14; 3.11] | < 0.001 | 2.48 [1.77; 3.47] | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 9–11 (Ref) | - | - | ||
| 12–14 | 0.97 [0.70; 1.34] | 0.853 | 1.89 [0.94; 3.81] | 0.075 |
| 15–18 | 2.24 [1.74; 2.89] | < 0.001 | 4.19 [2.31; 7.61] | < 0.001 |
| Parent’s socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Parent’s nationality | ||||
| Two French parents | 0.80 [0.63; 1.00] | 0.052 | 0.50 [0.35; 0.72] | < 0.001 |
| One non-French parent (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Two non-French parents | 1.36 [0.96; 1.94] | 0.088 | 1.37 [0.82; 2.29] | |
| Parent’s level of education | ||||
| No diploma/Vocational training certificate (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Upper secondary school certificate | 0.75 [0.60; 0.94] | 0.013 | 0.68 [0.47; 1.00] | 0.049 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.68 [0.55; 0.85] | < 0.001 | 0.55 [0.38; 0.81] | 0.002 |
| Master’s degree, PhD, other | 0.72 [0.58; 0.89] | 0.002 | 0.61 [0.420; 0.87] | 0.007 |
| Parent’s occupation | ||||
| Essential frontline worker | 1.17 [0.92; 1.50] | 0.208 | 1.98 [1.35; 2.91] | < 0.001 |
| Healthcare professional | 0.83 [0.63; 1.11] | 0.221 | 0.94[0.55; 1.59] | 0.805 |
| Inactive | 1.29[1.03; 1.60] | 0.025 | 1.82 [1.27; 2.62] | 0.001 |
| Unknown | 1.01 [0.73; 1.41] | 0.942 | 1.25 [0.71; 2.22] | 0.436 |
| Other occupation (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Living conditions | ||||
| Family structure | ||||
| Two-parent (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Stepparent | 1.06 [0.83; 1.37] | 0.630 | 1.30 [0.84; 2.01] | 0.239 |
| Single-parent | 1.23 [1.02; 1.48] | 0.032 | 1.43 [1.03; 1.99] | 0.032 |
| Parent’s financial difficulties | ||||
| Very comfortable (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Comfortable | 1.14 [0.90; 1.44] | 0.270 | 1.59 [0.98; 2.58] | 0.060 |
| Getting by | 1.83 [1.45; 2.30] | < 0.001 | 2.90 [1.81; 4.65] | < 0.001 |
| Difficult to make ends meet | 1.83 [1.36; 2.46] | < 0.001 | 3.88 [2.27; 6.63] | < 0.001 |
| Housing conditions | ||||
| Municipal population density | ||||
| High | 1.15 [0.95; 1.40] | 0.157 | 1.28 [0.91; 1.81] | 0.157 |
| Moderate (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Sparse | 0.91 [0.69; 1.18] | 0.473 | 0.59 [0.34; 1.04] | 0.069 |
| Very sparse | 0.91 [0.73; 1.13] | 0.395 | 1.16 [0.79; 1.70] | 0.441 |
| Type of housing | ||||
| House with garden | 0.69 [0.58; 0.81] | < 0.001 | 0.59 [0.45; 0.79] | < 0.001 |
| House with no garden, apartment, other (Ref) | - | - | ||
| A private space available in the accommodation if the child needed it | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 0.35 [0.29; 0.44] | < 0.001 | 0.16 [0.12; 0.21] | < 0.001 |
| Child and adolescent mental health | ||||
| History of mental health disorder | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 4.83 [3.9737; 5.87] | < 0.001 | 14.24 [10.52; 19.26] | < 0.001 |
| Experience of a painful and/or stressful event in the previous 12 months | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 3.59 [3.05; 4.22] | < 0.001 | 8.55 [6.16; 11.86] | < 0.001 |
| Child mental health-related behaviors | ||||
| How frequently the child went outside during the lockdown | ||||
| Never | 2.98 [2.24; 3.97] | < 0.001 | 5.05 [2.99; 8.53] | < 0.001 |
| Approximately once a week | 2.49 [1.93; 3.22] | < 0.001 | 3.46 [2.09; 5.72] | < 0.001 |
| Approximately 3 times a week | 2.02 [1.53; 2.67] | < 0.001 | 1.72 [0.96; 3.09] | 0.068 |
| Every day, once a day | 1.79 [1.36; 2.34] | < 0.001 | 2.13 [1.25; 3.64] | 0.006 |
| Multiple times a day (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Time spent every day on social media since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| None (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Less than an hour | 1.04 [0.73; 1.47] | 0.826 | 2.94 [1.33; 6.50] | 0.008 |
| 1 to 3 h | 1.54 [1.17; 2.04] | 0.002 | 3.44 [1.68; 7.04] | < 0.001 |
| 3 to 5 h | 2.24 [1.69; 2.96] | < 0.001 | 4.91 [2.41 10.03] | < 0.001 |
| More than 5 h | 3.24 [2.43; 4.33] | < 0.001 | 9.85 [4.86; 19.96] | < 0.001 |
| Frequency of leisure and recreational activities with adults in the household since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| Never | 2.24[1.76; 2.84] | < 0.001 | 4.62 [3.06; 6.99] | < 0.001 |
| Approximately once a week | 1.55 [1.23; 1.94] | < 0.001 | 1.77 [1.15; 2.73] | 0.010 |
| Approximately 3 times a week | 1.29 [1.02; 1.63] | 0.032 | 0.70 [0.41; 1.20] | 0.199 |
| Every day (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Time spent on school homework every day since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| Less than one hour | 1.75 [1.39; 2.21] | < 0.001 | 3.02 [2.10 4.35] | < 0.001 |
| One hour | 1.08 [0.86; 1.36] | 0.510 | 1.01 [0.66; 1.56] | 0.960 |
| 2 to 3 h | 1.01 [0.82; 1.23] | 0.950 | 0.78 [0.53; 1.15] | 0.210 |
| More than 3 h (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relatives | ||||
| COVID-19-related infection and/or hospitalization of a loved one | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 1.30 [1.10; 1.54] | 0.002 | 1.59 [1.20; 2.10] | 0.001 |
OR: Odds Ratios; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; p: p-value; Ref: Reference