Table 4.
Factors associated with psychological distress in children and adolescents (9–18 years old) during and after the first COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown in France in spring 2020: multinomial logistic regression, CONFEADO study, France, 2020. (N = 2882)
| Variable | Moderate distress (N = 887) vs. No or mild distress (N = 1794) | Severe distress (N = 201) vs. No or mild distress (N = 1794) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR [95% CI] | p | aOR [95% CI] | p | |
| Children and adolescents socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Female | 1.96 [1.57; 2.46] | < 0.001 | 1.52 [0.98; 2.37] | 0.062 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 9–11 (Ref) | - | - | ||
| 12–14 | 0.78 [0.53; 1.15] | 0.205 | 1.19 [0.50; 2.80] | 0.695 |
| 15–18 | 1.13 [0.79; 1.63] | 0.505 | 0.90 [0.40; 2.01] | 0.793 |
| Parent’s socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Parent’s occupation | ||||
| Essential frontline worker | 0.94 [0.69; 1.27] | 0.693 | 1.66 [1.00; 2.75] | 0.049 |
| Healthcare professional | 0.93 [0.66; 1.31] | 0.691 | 0.96 [0.49; 1.87] | 0.901 |
| Inactive | 0.91 [0.69; 1.21] | 0.526 | 1.11 [0.67; 1.84] | 0.677 |
| Unknown | 0.81 [0.55; 1.18] | 0.272 | 1.25 [0.63; 2.48] | 0.526 |
| Other occupation (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Living conditions | ||||
| Family structure | ||||
| Two-parent (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Stepparent | 0.75 [0.56; 1.00] | 0.072 | 0.85 [0.51; 1.42] | 0.536 |
| Single-parent | 0.81 [0.64; 1.02] | 0.072 | 0.67 [0.44; 1.01] | 0.056 |
| Parent’s financial difficulties | ||||
| Very comfortable (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Comfortable | 1.02 [0.78; 1.34] | 0.882 | 1.23 [0.70; 2.16] | 0.461 |
| Getting by | 1.38 [1.04; 1.83] | 0.025 | 1.51 [0.86; 2.68] | 0.153 |
| Difficult to make ends meet | 1.03 [0.70; 1.50] | 0.896 | 1.08 [0.53; 2.18] | 0.832 |
| Housing conditions | ||||
| Municipal population density | ||||
| High | 0.97 [0.76; 1.23] | 0.785 | 1.01 [0.64; 1.58] | 0.980 |
| Moderate (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Sparse | 1.00 [0.74; 1.36] | 0.997 | 0.86 [0.44; 1.66] | 0.648 |
| Very sparse | 0.96 [0.73; 1.24] | 0.734 | 1.51 [0.93; 2.44] | 0.098 |
| A private space available in the accommodation if the child needed it | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 0.49 [0.38; 0.64] | < 0.001 | 0.26 [0.17; 0.38] | < 0.001 |
| Child mental health-related behaviors | ||||
| How frequently the child went outside during the lockdown | ||||
| Never | 1.65 [1.15; 2.37] | 0.006 | 1.53 [0.78; 3.01] | 0.215 |
| Approximately once a week | 1.48 [1.08; 2.03] | 0.015 | 1.40 [0.75; 2.61] | 0.293 |
| Approximately 3 times a week | 1.37 [0.99; 1.90] | 0.057 | 0.86 [0.43; 1.71] | 0.665 |
| Every day, once a day | 1.42 [1.05; 1.92] | 0.025 | 1.27 [0.68; 2.38] | 0.454 |
| Multiple times a day (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Time spent every day on social media since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| None (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Less than an hour | 0.71 [0.47; 1.07] | 0.101 | 2.16 [0.81; 5.75] | 0.124 |
| 1 to 3 h | 1.01 [0.70; 1.47] | 0.939 | 2.40 [0.94; 6.08] | 0.066 |
| 3 to 5 h | 1.17 [0.79; 1.72] | 0.435 | 2.54 [0.98; 6.56] | 0.055 |
| More than 5 h | 1.41 [0.94; 2.12] | 0.098 | 3.58 [1.38; 9.32] | 0.009 |
| Frequency of leisure and recreational activities with adults in the household since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| Never | 1.53 [1.14; 2.04] | 0.004 | 2.71 [1.60; 4.59] | < 0.001 |
| Approximately once a week | 1.23 [0.95; 1.61] | 0.119 | 1.40 [0.82; 2.37] | 0.217 |
| Approximately 3 times a week | 1.10 [0.84; 1.45] | 0.476 | 0.61 [0.33; 1.13] | 0.117 |
| Every day (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Time spent on school homework every day since the beginning of the lockdown | ||||
| Less than one hour | 1.42 [1.08; 1.88] | 0.012 | 1.97 [1.24; 3.12] | 0.004 |
| One hour | 1.10 [0.83; 1.44] | 0.510 | 0.85 [0.50; 1.45] | 0.555 |
| 2 to 3 h | 1.12 [0.89; 1.42] | 0.321 | 0.95 [0.60; 1.50] | 0.827 |
| More than 3 h (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relatives | ||||
| COVID-19-related infection and/or hospitalization of a loved one | ||||
| No (Ref) | - | - | ||
| Yes | 1.04 [0.86; 1.26] | 0.697 | 1.21 [0.85; 1.71] | 0.286 |
aOR: adjusted Odds Ratios; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Interval; p: p-value; Ref: Reference
The results were adjusted for parent’s nationality, parent’s level of education, type of housing, history of mental health disorder and experience of a painful and/or stressful event in the previous 12 months