Table 1.
Characteristics of clinical trials that were included in systematic review
| Authors, publication year | Country | Design | Gender | Duration (weeks) | Health status of participants | Type and amount of intervention | Type and amount of control | Reported data and result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daly et al. 2022 [60] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy |
Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 12 whole eggs/week |
2 eggs/week | Weight ↔ |
| Njike et al. 2021 [61] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | MetS | 2 eggs/week | No egg |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ WC ↔ |
| Keogh et al. 2020 [40] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 24 | Healthy | 10 whole eggs/week | breakfast cereal | Weight ↔ |
| Maki et al. 2020 [42] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | MetS/prediabetes | 12 whole eggs/week | energy-matched breakfast meals without eggs contained higher-CHO foods | Weight ↔ |
| Marissa DiBella et al. 2020 [35] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | MetS | 21 whole eggs/week | choline supplements (choline bitartrate, CB) |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ WC ↔ |
| Shakoor et al. 2020 [48] | Pakistan | Cross-over | Male and female | 5 | MetS | 14 whole eggs/week | No egg | BMI ↔ |
| Aljohi et al. 2019 [32] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 48 | Healthy | no more than 2 whole eggs per day, 12 eggs per week and not to go > 2 days without eating eggs | No egg | BMI ↔ |
| Fuller et al. 2018 [37] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 24 | Prediabetes/T2D | 12 whole eggs/week | < 2 eggs/week |
WC ↔ FFM ↔ |
| Missimer et al. 2017 [43] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy | 12 whole eggs/week | one packet of oatmeal per day |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ WC ↔ |
| DiMarco et al. 2017 [36] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy |
Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 14 whole eggs/week Intervention 3: 21 whole eggs/week |
No egg |
BMI ↔ WC ↔ |
| Fuller et al. 2016 [38] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Prediabetes/T2D | 12 whole eggs/week | less than 2 eggs/wk |
Weight ↔ WC ↔ FFM ↔ |
| Njike et al. 2016 [22] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 12 | T2D | 10–14 whole eggs/week | No egg |
Weight ↑ BMI ↑ WC ↔ |
| Clayton et al. 2015 [34] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy | egg-based breakfasts (14 whole eggs/week) | bagel-based breakfasts (9-cm-diameter bagel and the selected options) |
Weight ↔ FFM ↔ |
| Katz et al. 2015 [23] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Established CAD |
breakfast with 2 eggs daily (14 whole eggs/week) |
a high-carbohydrate breakfast daily |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ |
| Ballesteros et al., 2015 [33] | Mexico | Cross-over | Male and female | 5 | T2D | 7 whole eggs/week | 40 g of oatmeal with 2 cups (472 mL) of lactose-free milk/day |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ |
| Bonny Burns-Whitmore et al. 2014 [51] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 6 whole eggs/week | walnuts (28.4 g, 6x/week) | Weight ↔ |
| Khosla et al., 2013 [46] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 14 | Healthy | At least 10 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔ |
| Putadechakum et al. 2013 [45] | Thailand | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Hyperlipidemic |
Intervention 1: 7 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 21 whole eggs/week |
No egg |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ WC ↔ FFM ↔ |
| Taweesak Techakriengkrai et al. 2012 [52] | Thailand | Cross-over | Female | 4 | Hypercholesterolemic | 21 whole eggs/week | 1 egg/day |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ |
| Pearce et al. 2011 [44] | Australia | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | T2D | high-protein high-cholesterol (14 whole eggs/week) | High-protein low-cholesterol (no eggs with 100 g of lean protein, meat, chicken or fish) | Weight ↔ |
| Vislocky et al. 2009 [49] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 12 whole eggs/week | No egg |
Weight ↔ FFM ↔ |
| Harman et al. 2008 [50] | UK | Parallel | Male and female | 12 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔ |
| Vander Wal et al. 2008 [58] | USA | Parallel | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | Bagel breakfast |
BMI ↓ Weight ↓ WC ↔ |
| 14 whole eggs/week + 1000 kcal energy deficit low fat weight loss diet | bagel breakfast + 1000 ca energy deficit low fat weight loss diet |
BMI ↓ Weight ↓ WC ↓ |
||||||
| Katz et al. 2005 [39] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | 60 g uncooked whole oats | BMI ↔ |
| Tannock et al. 2005 [53] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 4 | Healthy |
Intervention 1: 14 whole eggs/week Intervention 2: 28 whole eggs/week |
No eggs | Weight ↔ |
| Chakrabarty et al. 2004 [54] | India | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ |
| Chakrabarty et al. 2002 [55] | India | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg |
Weight ↔ BMI ↔ |
| Schnohr et al. 1994 [56] | Denmark | Cross-over | Male and female | 6 | Healthy | 14 whole eggs/week | Usual diet | Weight ↔ |
| Lehtimaki et al. 1992 [41] | Finland | Parallel | Male and female | 3 | Healthy | 21 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔ |
| Edington et al. 1987 [57] | UK | Cross-over | Male and female | 8 |
Group1: healthy Group 2: hyperlipidemia |
7 whole eggs/week | 2 eggs/ week | Weight ↔ |
| Sacks et al. 1984 [47] | USA | Cross-over | Male and female | 3 | Healthy | 7 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↔ |
| Flaim et al. 1981 [59] | USA | Parallel | Male | 5 | Healthy | 28 whole eggs/week | No egg | Weight ↑ |
BMI Body mass index, FFM Fat-free mass, WC Waist circumference, MetS Metabolic syndrome, T2D Type 2 diabetes, CAD Cardiovascular disease
↑Significant increasing effect, ↓significant decreasing effect, ↔non-significant effect