Table 2.
Study quality and risk of bias assessment using Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials
| Author, publication year | Randomization process | Deviations from the intended interventions (effect of assignment to intervention) | Deviations from the intended interventions (effect adhering to intervention) | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daly et al. 2022 [60] | Some concern | Some concern | low | Low | high | Some concern | high |
| Njike et al. 2021 [61] | low | Some concern | low | low | low | low | Some concern |
| Keogh et al. (2020) [40] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Maki et al. (2020) [42] | Some concern | Some concern | low | Low | high | Some concern | High |
| Shakoor et al. (2020) [48] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| DiBella et al (2020) [35] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Aljohi et al. (2019) [32] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Fuller et al. (2018) [37] | Some concern | low | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Missimer et al. (2017) [43] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | low | Some concern | Some concern |
| Dimarco et al. (2017) [36] | Some concern | Some concern | low | Low | high | Some concern | Some concern |
| Fuller et al. (2016) [38] | low | low | low | low | low | low | Low |
| Njike et al. (2016) [22] | Some concern | low | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Clayton et al. (2015) [34] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | low | High |
| Katz et al. (2015) [23] | Some concern | low | low | low | high | low | High |
| Ballesteros et al. (2015) [33] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | low | Some concern | Some concern |
| Burns-Whitmore et al. (2014) [51] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Rueda & Pramod Khosla (2013) [46] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Putadechakum et al. (2013) [45] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Techakriengkrai et al. (2012) [52] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Pearce et al. (2011) [44] | Some concern | Some concern | low | Low | high | Some concern | High |
| Vislocky et al. (2009) [49] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Harman et al. (2008) [50] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | high | Some concern | High |
| Vander Wal et al. (2008) [58] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Katz et al. (2005) [39] | Some concern | Some concern | low | low | low | Some concern | Some concern |
| Tannock et al. (2005) [53] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Chakrabarty et al. (2004) [54] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Chakrabarty et al. (2002) [55] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Schnohr et al. (1994) [56] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Edington et al. (1987) [57] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |
| Sacks et al. (1984) [47] | Some concern | low | low | low | low | low | Some concern |
| Flaim et al. (1981) [59] | Some concern | Some concern | Low | Low | High | Some concern | High |