EXHIBIT 3.

Effects of layoffs on material hardship and mental health among low-wage service workers with young children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, overall and by race and ethnicity, May 2020-November 2021

Race and ethnicity	Income loss	Severe income loss	Unable to pay rent or mortgage	Ran out of food	Probable anxiety diagnosis	Probable depression diagnosis
All (N = 2,174)	0.209****	0.216****	0.087****	0.018	0.048**	0.047*
BIPOC (n = 1,709)	0.219****	0.233****	0.088***	−0.002	0.053*	0.058**
White (n = 389)	0.174***	0.137**	0.07*	0.052	0.048	−0.006
Black (n = 1,058)	0.232****	0.234****	0.046	0.009	0.025	0.027
Hispanic (n = 441)	0.159***	0.191****	0.179****	−0.065	0.071	0.116**

source Authors’ analysis of panel data from authors’ surveys of service workers in the city of Philadelphia, collected in four waves.

notes Each cell shows the regression coefficient from a separate regression. Complete regression results are in appendix 5 (see note 21 in text). Numbers reflect person-wave observations. BIPOC is Black, Indigenous, and people of color. In our data, it refers to all respondents who identified as other than White non-Hispanic. We use it here for brevity of presentation.

^*p < 0. 10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0. 01

^****p < 0.001