EXHIBIT 4.

Effects of unemployment insurance (UI) and supplemental benefit receipt on material hardship and mental health among low-wage service workers with young children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who were laid off and applied for UI, May 2020-November 2021

Race and ethnicity	Income loss	Severe income loss	Unable to pay rent or mortgage	Ran out of food	Probable anxiety diagnosis	Probable depression diagnosis
All (N = 534)
UI	−0.060	−0.145***	−0.084	−0.044	−0.165***	−0.099*
Supplement	−0.159****	−0.078**	−0.092***	−0.065*	0.039	−0.002
BIPOC (n = 433)
UI	−0.075	−0.156**	−0.100	−0.067	−0.134**	−0.156**
Supplement	−0.164****	−0.087**	−0.112***	−0.074*	0.027	0.040
White (n = 83)
UI	0.058	−0.061	0.081	0.186	−0.195	0.321**
Supplement	−0.190*	−0.014	−0.065	−0.104	0.037	−0.273**
Black (n = 290)
UI	−0.055	−0.112	−0.022	−0.004	−0.039	0.001
Supplement	−0.185***	−0.105**	−0.148***	−0.104*	−0.057	−0.064
Hispanic (n = 103)
UI	−0.175	−0.230*	−0.217*	−0.255**	−0.331**	−0.510****
Supplement	−0.123	−0.096	−0.077	−0.032	0.128	0.238**

source Authors’ analysis of panel from authors’ surveys of service workers in the city of Philadelphia, collected in four waves.

notes Each cell shows the regression coefficient from a separate regression. Complete regression results are in appendix 5 (see note 21 in text). Numbers reflect person-wave observations. “Supplement” refers to the extra Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation UI benefits that were available (either $300 or $600 per week, depending on the period). BIPOC is Black, Indigenous, and people of color. In our data, it refers to all respondents who identified as other than White non-Hispanic. We use it here for brevity of presentation.

^*p < 0.10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0. 01

^****p < 0. 001