Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of demographical data, clinical findings, type of intervention and outcome by type of bleeding, n (%)
|
Parameters
|
All cases, n = 363 (%)
|
Variceal bleeding, n = 127 (34%)
|
Non-variceal bleeding, n = 236 (65%)
|
P value
|
| Demographical data | ||||
| Age, yr; median/interval | 60.90; 61/19-93 | 57.24; 57.50/19-88 | 62.87; 63/21-93 | 0.001 |
| > 60 yr | 201 (55.4) | 56 (44.1) | 145 (61.4) | 0.002 |
| Male | 240 (66.1) | 85 (66.9) | 155 (65.7) | 0.810 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart failure | 75 (20.7) | 9 (7.1) | 66 (28.0) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 52 (14.3) | 8 (6.3) | 44 (18.6) | 0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | 119 (32.8) | 22 (17.3) | 97 (41.1) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 61 (16.8) | 4 (3.1) | 57 (24.2) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (13.5) | 18 (14.2) | 31 (13.1) | 0.783 |
| COPD | 9 (2.5) | 1 (0.8) | 8 (3.4) | 0.096 |
| Asthma | 3 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.3) | 0.107 |
| Kidney disease | 30 (8.3) | 2 (1.6) | 28 (11.9) | 0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 139 (38.3) | 99 (78.0) | 40 (16.9) | 0.001 |
| Active malignancy | 25 (6.9) | 12 (9.4) | 13 (5.5) | 0.166 |
| Hepatocarcinoma | 9 (2.5) | 8 (6.2) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Cerebral vascular disease | 24 (6.6) | 2 (1.6) | 22 (9.3) | 0.002 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Haematemesis | 279 (76.9) | 115 (90.6) | 164 (69.5) | 0.001 |
| Melena | 267 (73.6) | 89 (70.1) | 178 (75.4) | 0.274 |
| Abdominal pain | 60 (16.5) | 19 (15.0) | 41 (17.4) | 0.553 |
| Syncope | 12 (3.3) | 2 (1.6) | 10 (4.2) | 0.151 |
| Presyncope | 8 (2.2) | 2 (1.6) | 6 (2.5) | 0.539 |
| Other symptoms | 36 (9.9) | 12 (9.4) | 24 (10.2) | 0.826 |
| Chronic treatment | ||||
| Antiplatelets | 36 (9.9) | 0.002 | ||
| Aspirin | 22 (6.1) | 1 (0.8) | 21 (8.9) | |
| Clopidogrel | 7 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (3.0) | |
| DAPT (aspirin clopidogrel or aspirin ticagrelor) | 6 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Ticagrelor | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| No treatment | 327 (90.1) | 125 (98.4) | 202 (85.6) | |
| Anticoagulation | 32 (8.9) | 0.003 | ||
| DOAC | 22 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 22 (9.3) | |
| VKA | 10 (2.8) | 3 (2.4) | 7 (3.0) | |
| No treatment | 331 (91.2) | 124 (97.6) | 207 (87.7) | |
| Source of GI bleeding | ||||
| Ulcerative and erosive lesions | 25 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 25 (10.6) | 0.001 |
| Severe/erosive esophagitis | 27 (7.4) | 0 (0) | 27 (11.4) | |
| Severe/erosive gastritis/duodenitis | 151 (41.6) | 0 (0) | 151 (64) | |
| Vascular lesions (angiodysplasia) | 6 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.5) | |
| Mass lesions | 12 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 12 (5) | |
| Traumatic lesions (Mallory Weiss tear) | 9 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 9 (3.8) | |
| Lesion unidentified/Dieulafoy | 6 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.7) | |
| Oesophageal varices | 115 (31.7) | 115 (90.5) | 0 (0) | 0.003 |
| Gastric varices | 12 (3.3) | 12 (9.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Intervention | ||||
| Injection therapy (dilute epinephrine) with thermal coagulation | 29 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (11.9) | 0.001 |
| Mechanical endoscopic therapy | 59 (16.3) | 50 (39.4) | 9 (3.8) | 0.001 |
| Haemostatic clip | 9 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 9 (3.8) | |
| Variceal ligation | 48 (13.2) | 48 (37.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Variceal sclerotherapy | 2 (0.6) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Failed endoscopic therapy | 17 (4.7) | 9 (7) | 8 (3.4) | 0.001 |
| Surgical interventions | 9 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 9 (3.8) | 0.026 |
| Transfusion | ||||
| Transfusions | 112 (30.9) | 38 (29.9) | 74 (31.5) | 0.758 |
| In-hospital mortality | ||||
| Death | 34 (9.4) | 16 (12.6) | 18 (7.7) | 0.131 |
COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DAPT: Dual antiplatelets treatment DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulation VKA: Vitamin K antagonist GI: Gastrointestinal.