Table 2.
Factors related to the game or Internet addiction
| Related Factors | Authors |
|---|---|
| 1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics | |
| Age | (Bianchini et al., 2017; Hyun et al., 2015; Karaca et al., 2020; Lim & Nam, 2018; Müller et al., 2015; Rehbein et al., 2010; Tsitsika et al., 2014) |
| Gender | (Chen et al., 2015; Choo et al., 2015; Dhir et al., 2015; Frangos et al., 2011; Hyun et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2011; Müller et al., 2015; Samarein et al., 2013; Spilkova et al., 2017; Sul, 2015; Toker & Baturay, 2016; Walther et al., 2012) |
| Residence type (alone, with parents, with relatives) | (Frangos et al., 2011) |
| Individual marital status | (Rho et al., 2016) |
| Parental marital status | (Frangos et al., 2011; Müller et al., 2015) |
| Parental education | (Karaca et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2015; Tsitsika et al., 2014; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| Parental employment status | (Karaca et al., 2020) |
| Parental economic/income status | (Toker & Baturay, 2016; Walther et al., 2012; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| 2. Parent and Family Factors | |
| Parent factors | |
| • Parent-child relationship | (Choo et al., 2015; King & Delfabbro, 2017) |
| • Parental monitor/control | (Bonnaire & Phan, 2017; Ding et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014; Walther et al., 2012; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| • Parental conflict | (Bonnaire & Phan, 2017) |
| • Parent positive support | (Li et al., 2014) |
| • Parental neglect | (Kwak et al., 2018) |
| • Parental knowledge | (Tian et al., 2019) |
| Family factors | |
| • Family relationship | (Bonnaire & Phan, 2017) |
| • Multicultural families | (Choi & Yoo, 2015) |
| • Dual-income families | (Choi & Yoo, 2015) |
| • Family function | (Charoenwanit & Sumneangsanor, 2014) |
| • Family leisure | (Sul, 2015) |
| 3. Device Ownership, Internet Access, Location, Social Media & Game Itself | |
| Device ownership | (Smith et al., 2015; Toker & Baturay, 2016) |
| Access /Subscription to Internet | (Frangos et al., 2011; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| Game itself | |
| • Games genre | (Lee & Kim, 2017; Müller et al., 2015) |
| • Online and computer games | (Toker & Baturay, 2016; Tsitsika et al., 2014) |
| • Structural characteristics of video game | (Hull et al., 2013) |
| • Gaming cost | (Rho et al., 2016) |
| Social media applications | (Kuss et al., 2013) |
| Location (such as the bedroom) | (Smith et al., 2015) |
| 4. Personality/Traits, Psychopathology Factors, & Self-Efficacy | |
| Personality/ traits | |
| • Self-esteem | (Billieux et al., 2015; Charoenwanit & Sumneangsanor, 2014; Hyun et al., 2015; Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Impulsivity | (Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Sensation seeking | (Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Aggression/Rule-breaking behavior/irritability | (Tsitsika et al., 2014; Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Extraversion | (Andreassen et al., 2013; Kuss et al., 2013; Samarein et al., 2013) |
| • Introversion | (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018) |
| • Neuroticism (anxiety, anger, depression, loneliness, hostility, emotional stability) | (Andreassen et al., 2013; Dong et al., 2013; Hyun et al., 2015; Jeong et al., 2015; Kuss et al., 2013; Mehroof & Griffiths, 2010; Samarein et al., 2013; Tsitsika et al., 2014; Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015; Walther et al., 2012) (Chang et al., 2014; Hyun et al., 2015; Jeong et al., 2015; Laconi et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2011; Moslehpour & Batjargal, 2013; Tsitsika et al., 2014; Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015; Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Conscientiousness | (Samarein et al., 2013; Stavropoulos et al., 2016) |
| • Agreeableness | (Andreassen et al., 2013; Kuss et al., 2013; Samarein et al., 2013; Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Resourcefulness | (Kuss et al., 2013) |
| • Openness to experience | (Andreassen et al., 2013) |
| • Psychoticism/socialization | (Dong et al., 2013) |
| • Self-control | (Li et al., 2014) |
| • Effortful control | (Ding et al., 2017) |
| • IQ | (Hyun et al., 2015) |
| Psychopathology | |
| • Obsessive-compulsive | (Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018) |
| • Interpersonal sensitivity | (Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018) |
| • ADHD | (Chen et al., 2015; Hyun et al., 2015; Walther et al., 2012) |
| • Irrational beliefs/ ubiquitous trait | (Lee et al., 2017; Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) |
| • Autistics traits | (Chen et al., 2015) |
| • Paranoid ideation | (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018; Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) |
| • Impaired social adjustment | (Chen et al., 2015) |
| • Self-devaluation | (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018) |
| • Borderline | (Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018) |
| • Attention problem | (Peeters et al., 2018) |
| • Insecure attachment | (Lin et al., 2011) |
| • Somatization | (Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) |
| • Anxiety (trait anxiety, state anxiety, and phobic anxiety) | (Mehroof & Griffiths, 2010; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2018; Vukosavljevic-Gvozden et al., 2015) |
| • Perseverative errors | (Hyun et al., 2015) |
| • Lie | (Dong et al., 2013) |
| Self-efficacy | (Jeong et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2011; Walther et al., 2012) |
| 5. Education & School Factors | |
| Academic performance | (Chen et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2011; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| School bonding/ Relationship with teachers | (Chang et al., 2014; Lee & Kim, 2017) |
| School well-being | (Rehbein et al., 2010) |
| 6. Perceived Enjoyment | |
| The feeling of excitement, relief from negative emotion, passing time | (Billieux et al., 2015) |
| Entertainment | (Moslehpour & Batjargal, 2013) |
| Flow | (Hull et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2015) |
| Leisure environment | (Lee & Kim, 2017) |
| Gratification, general happiness | (Dhir et al., 2015; Hull et al., 2013) |
| Perceived visibility & enjoyment | (Sun et al., 2015) |
| Preoccupation | (Lee et al., 2017) |
| 7. Perceived Benefits | |
| Using the Internet to communicate on important matters | (Adiele & Olatokun, 2014) |
| Making money | (Adiele & Olatokun, 2014) |
| Use for learning | (Lee et al., 2017) |
| Making friends | (Billieux et al., 2015; Kim & Kim, 2017; Moslehpour & Batjargal, 2013; Porter et al., 2010) |
| Online self-identity | (Kim & Kim, 2017) |
| Getting-sex oriented materials | (Adiele & Olatokun, 2014) |
| 8. Health-Compromising Behaviors | |
| Smoking | (Chang et al., 2014; Frangos et al., 2011; Spilkova et al., 2017; Toker & Baturay, 2016) |
| Drinking (alcohol & coffee) | (Frangos et al., 2011) (Spilkova et al., 2017) |
| Using drugs | (Frangos et al., 2011) |
| 9. Peers/Friends Relationships and Supports | |
| Peer relationship & support | (Kwak et al., 2018; Lee & Kim, 2017; Wu, Ko, et al., 2016; Wu, Zhang, et al., 2016) |
| Peer affiliation | (Ding et al., 2017) |
| Community attendance | (Rho et al., 2016) |
| 10. Life Dissatisfaction & Stress | (Moslehpour & Batjargal, 2013; Peeters et al., 2018) |
| 11. Cybersafety | (Smith et al., 2015) |