Fig 4. Language barriers to preparing and conducting presentations in English.

(A) Number of hours needed to prepare and practice an oral presentation in English. (B) Number of hours that would be needed to prepare and practice the same oral presentation in one’s first language. (C) Frequency of not being able to explain research confidently during a presentation due to English-language barriers. The regression lines (with 95% confidence intervals as shaded areas) in (A) and (B) represent the estimated relationship with the number of English-language papers published (shown on the log₁₀-transformed axis), based on the results shown in S15 and S16 Tables. In (C), an ECR (early-career researcher) was defined as someone with 5 or fewer English-language papers published so far. The numbers on the right of each bar represent the sample size. The data underlying (A) and (B) are raw data directly from the survey questions, which our ethics approval prevents us from sharing to secure confidentiality of the respondents. The data underlying (C) can be found in S1 Data.