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. 2023 Jul 6;29(7):1760–1774. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02414-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-binding total Ig before first vaccine (pre-V1) and before (pre-V2) and after (post-V2) second vaccine in group 1 participants. b, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike binding IgG, IgM and IgA assessed at all available timepoints. IgG was assessed in all group 1 participants; IgM and IgA were assessed in group 1 participants in the UC, CD, L-Tr, L-AI, L-Cir, IA and ANCA-associated vasculitis disease groups. Lines indicate threshold for seropositivity. c, Spearman’s correlation of anti-HCoV-OC43 spike IgG at pre-V1 compared to pre-V2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 full-spike IgG assessed in all group 1 participants. d, Serum IgG binding to SARS-CoV-2 VOC spike at post-V2 timepoint. e,f, Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 VOC spike binding to hACE2 by participant serum (e) or saliva (f) at post-V2 timepoint. g,h, Microneutralization of live ancestral or omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 at the post-V2 timepoint (h). Correlation of microneutralization IC₅₀ with ancestral anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-binding total Ig (g) and microneutralization IC₅₀ separated by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status. d,e,g,h, n = 59 participants selected from liver and inflammatory disease groups with anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD total Ig above 250 AU ml⁻¹. f, n = 168 participants selected from inflammatory and liver disease groups. d–f, Lines represent median and IQR. Paired statistical comparisons among multiple groups (d–f,h) were assessed using two-sided Friedman’s test with Dunn’s correction or Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction. Unpaired statistical comparisons among multiple groups were assessed using two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. AAV, ANCA-associated vasculitis; CD, Crohn’s disease; HC, healthy controls; HD, hemodialysis; HD on IS, hemodialysis on immunosuppression; HM, hematological malignancy; IA, inflammatory arthritis; L-AI, autoimmune hepatitis; L-Cir, liver cirrhosis; L-Tr, liver transplant; MNA, microneutralization; Nucleocapsid negative, N-ve; Nucleocapsid positive, N+ve; NS, not significant; SC, solid cancer; V1, COVID-19 vaccine dose 1; V2, COVID-19 vaccine dose 2; UC, ulcerative colitis.