Table 2.

Long-term Glasgow Outcome Scale, Extended and quality-of-life data in 356 traumatic brain injury patients including subgroups treated with erythropoietin or placebo

	Erythropoietin	Placebo	Relative risk (95% CI)	Risk difference % (95% CI)	p value	Interaction p-value
Secondary outcomes
Good outcome (GOSE 5–8)	110/175 (63%)	100/181 (55%)	1.14 (0.96–1.35)	7.6% ($-$ 2.6% to 17.8%)	0.14
Good outcome sliding scale	112/175 (64%)	94/181 (52%)	1.23 (1.03–1.47)	12.1% (1.9% to 22.2%)	0.02
Good outcome in subgroups
Severe TBI	71/124 (57%)	68/135 (50%)	1.14 (0.91—1.43)	6.9% (− 5.2% to 19%)	0.27	0.89
Moderate TBI	39/51 (76%)	32/46 (70%)	1.10 (0.86—1.40)	6.9% (− 10.8% to 24.6%)	0.44
Intracranial mass lesion	16/32 (50%)	19/36 (53%)	0.95 (0.6–1.51)	$-$ 2.8% ($-$ 26.6% to 21%)	0.82	0.33
No intracranial mass lesion	94/143 (66%)	81/145 (56%)	1.18 (0.98 1.42)	9.9% ($-$ 1.3% to 21.1%)	0.09
Extracranial ISS > 6	64/97 (66%)	56/100 (56%)	1.18 (0.94–1.48)	10% ($-$ 3.6% to 23.5%)	0.15	0.13
Extracranial ISS ≤ 6	46/78 (59%)	44/81 (54%)	1.09 (0.83–1.43)	4.7% ($-$ 10.7% to 20%)	0.55
AIS > 3 in two regions	51/76 (67%)	39/80 (49%)	1.38 (1.05–1.81)	18.4% (3.1% to 33.6%)	0.02	0.08
No AIS > 3 in two regions	59/99 (60%)	61/101 (60%)	0.99 (0.79–1.24)	$-$ 0.8% ($-$ 14.4% to 12.8%)	0.91
Quality of life
EQ 5D-5L utility score, Mean (STD)	0.776 (0.297)	0.713 (0.352)	Adjusted mean difference 0.07 (95% CI 0.0–0.15)		0.12
EQ Visual Analog Scale, Mean (STD)	77.2 (19.8)	74.6 (22.1)	Adjusted mean difference 3.03 (95% CI $-$ 1.94 to 8.00)		0.32

AIS abbreviated injury scale, EQ 5D-5L EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire, CI confidence interval, GOSE Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, ISS injury severity score, TBI traumatic brain injury