TABLE 1.

In vivo protective effects of Myrtus communis against toxins and noxious agents.

Toxins/noxious	Models	Constituents	Results	References
Aflatoxin B1	Chicken	Myrtle essential oil (500 mg/kg) for 35 days	↓AST	(Saei et al., 2013)
			↓ALP
			↓ALT
Alcohol	Rats	Myrtle aqueous extract (105 and 175 mg/kg) and methanolic extract (93 and 154 mg/kg)	↓Gastric ulcer index	(Sumbul et al., 2010)
			↓Gastric juice volume
			↑Gastric ph
Aluminum chloride and D‐galactose	Rats	Myrtle extract (100–200 mg/kg) for 90 days	↓Aβ	(Yalman et al., 2022)
			↓8‐OHdG
			↓Acetylcholinesterase activity
			↑Neprilysin
			↑SOD
Arsenic	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (3 mg/mL)	↑P53 gene expression	(Naji et al., 2018)
			↑PGE level
Bleomycin	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (50 mg/kg) for 14 days	↓Lipid peroxidation	(Samareh Fekri et al., 2018)
Carbon tetrachloride	Rats	Essential oil of Myrtle (250 mL/kg) for 14 days	↑LDH	(Ben Hsouna et al., 2019)
			↓TG
			↑HDL‐Ch
			↓T‐Ch
			↑LDL‐Ch
			↑Atherogenic index
			↓TBARS
			↓PCO
			↑SOD
			↑CAT
			↑GPx
Carrageenan	Mice	Myrtucommulone (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg) for 4 h	↓ICAM‐1	(Rossi et al., 2009)
			↓P‐selectin
			↓TNF‐α
			↓IL‐1β
			↓Nitrotyrosine
			↓PAR
			↓MPO activity
Castor oil	Rats	Myrtle berry seeds extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg)	↓MDA	(Jabri, Rtibi, et al., 2016)
			↑GSH
			↑SOD
			↑CAT
			↑GPx
			↓Wet fecal weight
			↓Wet fecal no.
Cerulein	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (100 mg/kg) for 14 days	↓Serum lipase level	(Ozbeyli et al., 2020)
			↓Amylase level
			↓MDA
			↑GSH
			↓MPO
			↓Pancreatic ROS level
			↓IL‐1β
			↓IL‐6
			↑IL‐10
			↓Pancreatic edema index
Croton oil	Rats	Myrtle essential oil (1 and 2 mL/kg) for 10 days	↓MPO activity	(Maxia et al., 2011)
			↓TNF‐α
			↓IL‐6
Cypermethrin	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (1 mL [50 g/L]) for 30 days	↓Blood glucose	(Berroukche et al., 2017)
			↓GPT
			↑Glutamic oxaloacetic
			↑Transaminase alkaline phosphatase
Double ligatures with suture silk	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (50 mg/kg) for 28 days	↓Plasma total bilirubin	(Sen et al., 2016)
			↓Direct bilirubin
			↓Alanine aminotransferase
			↓Aspartate aminotransferase
			↓Tumor necrosis factor α
			↓Interleukin‐1β
Ethanol	Rats	Myrtle berries seed extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 2 months	↑Hb	(Jabri et al., 2018)
			↑Ht
			↓MCV
			↑MCHC
			↑Plt
			↓WBC
			↓MDA
			↑SOD
			↑GPx
			↑CAT
			↑GSH
			↑SH‐groups
			↓TNF‐α
			↓IL‐6
			↓IL‐8
			↓IL‐1β
Ethanol/HCl	Rats	Myrtle essential oil (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) for 21 days	↓UI	(Mansour et al., 2022)
			↓UP
			↑GV
			↑Gastric pH
			↓NO production
			↓MDA
			↑SOD activity
			↑CAT
			↑GPx
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF)	Rats	Myrtle extract (injected 0.5 mg/kg)	↑FRAP values	(Seif et al., 2019)
			↓Plasma POC
			↓MetHb
			↓Hemichrome
Goldblatt's 2K1C	Rats	Myrtle extract (100 mg/kg) for 9 weeks	↓Serum osteopontin levels	(Cevikelli‐Yakut et al., 2020)
			↑IL‐10
			↓Hippocampal MMP‐13
			↓CD36 expression
			↓Neprilysin levels
			↓AChE activity
Hot water	Rats	Myrtle ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) twice a day for 48 h	↓MDA	(Ozcan et al., 2020)
			↑GSH
			↑CAT
			↑GST
			↑SOD
Hot water	Rats	Myrtle leaves extract (100 mg/kg) for 2 days	↑GSH	(Ozcan et al., 2019)
			↓MDA
			↑SOD
			↑CAT
			↑Skin NO levels
			↑TF activity
Hydatid cysts protoscoleces	Mice	Essential oil of Myrtle (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) for 14 days	↑Mortality of protoscoleces	(Mahmoudvand et al., 2016)
Iron	Mice	Myrtle leaf extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks	↓Total serum iron	(Eslami et al., 2018)
			↓Serum Fe3+
			↓Serum AST
			↓Serum ALT
			↓Serum ALP
Liver ischemia–reperfusion	Rats	Myrtle extract	↓AST	(Salouage et al., 2010)
			↓ALT
			↑MEGX
Monosodium glutamate and acrylamide	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (300 mg/kg) for 6 weeks	↑Bcl‐2	(Hassan et al., 2020)
			↓Apoptosis
			↓PD‐1
Paracetamol	Rats	Aqueous extract of Myrtle leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 10 days	↓SGPT	(Rupesh et al., 2011)
			↓SGOT
			↑CAT
			↓ALP
			↑SOD
			↓LPO
			↓Total bilirubin
Silver nanoparticles	Mice	Hydrolyzable tannin fraction of Myrtus communis (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for 90 days	↓Serum AST	(Tavakoli et al., 2020)
			↓Serum ALT
			↓Serum ALP
			↑White blood cells
			↑Red blood cells
			↑Lymphocytes
			↑Hb
Streptozotocin	Rats	Myrtle leaf extract (100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks	↓Blood glucose levels	(Kadıoğlu Yaman et al., 2020)
			↓Ache activities
			↑Hippocampal CHAT activity
			↑Neprilysin levels
			↑α7‐nAChR
			↑PSA‐NCAM
			↑BDNF expressions
Streptozotocin	Rats	Ethanol extract of Myrtle (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg) for 14 days	↓ALT	(Aggul et al., 2022)
			↓AST
			↓MDA
			↓Blood glucose levels
			↑GSH levels
			↑SOD activities
Streptozotocin	Rats	Myrtle fruit hydro‐alcoholic extract	↓Serum glucose	(Tas et al., 2018)
			↓Serum lipid
			↓MDA
			↑Insulin
			↑Paraoxonase arylesterase
			↑SOD
			↑Whole blood GSH‐Px
Streptozotocin	Rats	Myrtle extract	↓5‐LOX and 15‐LOX	(El‐Bana et al., 2017)
			↓Lipoxin A4
			↓TNF‐α
			↑Insulin
Surgery	Rats	Myrtle berry seeds extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg)	↑Gastric juice pH	(Jabri, Tounsi, et al., 2016)
			↓MDA
			↑GSH
			↑SOD
			↑CAT
			↑GPx
			↓Hydrogen peroxide
			↓Free iron
			↓Calcium
Surgery	Rats	Myrtle leaves essential oil (50 mg/kg) for 7 days	↑CAT	(Jabri, Hajaji, et al., 2016)
			↑SOD
			↑GPx
			↓Lipid peroxidation
Toxoplasma gondii	Mice	Essential oil of Myrtle (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks	↓Tissue cyst	(Shaapan et al., 2021)
			↓Diameter of tissue cyst
			↑IFN‐γ
			↑IL‐12