TABLE 2.

In vitro protective effects of Myrtus communis against toxins and noxious agents.

Toxins	Models	Constituents	Results	References
Hydrogen peroxide	K562 cell line	Leaf extract (0.4 mg/mL) for 2 h	↑MDA production	(Ines et al., 2012)
			↑CAT
			↓GPx1
			↑GSS
			↑HMOX2
			↑TXN
			↑TXNRD1
			↑AOE372
			↑XRCC1
			↑LIG4
			↑POLD2
			↑XRCC5
			↑GADD45A
			↑RPA3
			↑XPA
			↑hMSH2
			↑RPA2
			↑TDG
			↑PCNA
			↑DDIT3
			↑ERCCI
	HUVEC cell line	Myrtle extract	↑HIF_1α expression	(Raeiszadeh et al., 2018)
			↑VEGF
			↓COX‐2
			↓iNOS
	K562 cell line	Two compound of Myrtle extract	↓Lipid peroxidation	(Hayder et al., 2008)
			↓MDA
			↑AOE372 expression
			↑TXN expression
			↓GPX1 expression
			↓SEPW1 expression
			↑XPC expression
			↑LIG4 expression
			↑RPA3 expression
			↑PCNA expression
			↑DDIT3 expression
			↓POLD1 expression
			↓XRCC expression
			↓MPG expression
			↓PARP expression
			↓SHC1 expression
IL‐1β	BEAS‐2B	Myrtle essential oil	↓IL‐6	(Gülbol Duran & Terzi, 2021)
			↓IL‐10
			↓NFkB
LPS	Macrophages	Myrtle essential oil	↓NO production	(Bouzabata et al., 2015)
	KM48 and KM149 cell line	Myrtle essential oil	↓AHL	(Myszka et al., 2020)
			↓PQS
			↓mRNA level of the algU gene
			↓Exopolysaccharide synthesis
			↑Expression of the mucA gene
	Hydatid cyst protoscolices	Myrtle extract (5, 50, and 100 mg/mL) for 4 h	↑Activity of caspase 3, 8, and 9	(Shahnazi et al., 2017)
	Human macrophages	Myrtle leaf extract	↓Superoxide production	(Soomro et al., 2019)
			↓NO production
			↓Hydrogen peroxide production
			↓NFκB phsphrolation
	A549 cell line	Myrtle Essential oil (from 31.25 to 200 μg/mL) for 24 h	↑Caspase 3 gene expression	(Bilgic & Duran, 2020)
			↑Caspase 9 gene expression
			↑P21 gene expression