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. 2023 Jul 18;13:11570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36795-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of different variables on β-diversity of tree-associated fungi and herbivorous insects. The shape of the curve indicates the change in the effect of a variable on incidence-based (a, Sørensen) and abundance-weighted (b, Morisita Horn) β-diversity, at different points along the gradient of the variable. Generalized dissimilarity models were used to estimate these non-linear effects of the variables on β-diversity. The results are shown for all fungi together (N = 352), and for saprotrophic (N = 352), symbiotrophic (N = 223) and plant pathogenic fungi (N = 347) separately, and for herbivorous insects (N = 96). The final height of the curve indicates the relative importance of a variable in driving β-diversity. Significant factors (p < 0.05) are indicated with solid lines. Variable significance testing is done on a basis of 50 permutations. The results are shown for the entire data set and samples that contained insect and fungi (“main analysis”).