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. 2023 Jul 18;14:4294. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39762-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — scRNA-seq data from matched breast cancer samples²⁵ were analysed for fibroblast heterogeneity with subsequent validation of identified fibroblast subtypes in other tumour types. IMC using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections (FFPE) was used to validate findings at the protein level and to evaluate spatial distribution. The resulting CAF classification system (featuring vascular CAFs (vCAFs), matrix CAFs (mCAFs), interferon-response CAFs (ifnCAFs), tumour-like CAFs (tCAFs), inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs), dividing CAFs (dCAFs), reticular-like CAFs (rCAFs) and antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs)) was based on marker genes, biological functions, spatial distribution within the TME, and cellular interactions.