Table 2.
Baseline clinical features of enrolled T2DM patients with different retinol intake.
| Variable | Total (N = 3820) |
Lower retinol intake (0 < intake ≤ 609) (n1 = 1916) |
Higher retinol intake (609 < intake ≤ 1911) (n2 = 1904) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol (mcg) | 726.20 (13.53) | 367.93 (6.53) | 1038.80 (12.75) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 59.92 (0.39) | 59.10 (0.48) | 60.63 (0.46) | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.21 | |||
| Normal-weight | 0.25 (0.00) | 0.43 (0.12) | 0.10 (0.05) | |
| Obesity | 10.35 (0.01) | 10.21 (0.91) | 10.73 (1.09) | |
| Over-weight | 24.10 (0.01) | 23.09 (1.41) | 25.58 (1.43) | |
| Under-weight | 64.00 (0.03) | 66.26 (1.86) | 63.59 (1.72) | |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 41.39 (0.11) | 41.19 (0.15) | 41.57 (0.13) | 0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.09 (0.04) | 7.09 (0.06) | 7.08 (0.05) | 0.83 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Female | 50.93 (0.02) | 57.6 (1.83) | 45.10 (1.70) | |
| Male | 49.07 (0.02) | 42.39 (1.83) | 54.90 (1.70) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 10.59 (0.01) | 12.22 (1.51) | 9.17 (1.36) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 13.93 (0.01) | 17.55 (1.72) | 10.77 (1.03) | |
| Black | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 59.71 (0.03) | 51.33 (2.61) | 67.02 (2.14) | |
| White | ||||
| Other Hispanic | 6.77 (0.01) | 7.50 (1.00) | 6.13 (0.74) | |
| Other Race—Including Multi-Racial | 9.01 (0.01) | 11.40 (0.97) | 6.91 (0.72) | |
| Hypertension | 0.52 | |||
| No | 27.95 (0.02) | 27.24 (1.74) | 28.58 (1.57) | |
| Yes | 72.05 (0.03) | 72.76 (1.74) | 71.42 (1.57) | |
| Anemia | 0.03 | |||
| No | 86.66 (0.03) | 85.26 (1.22) | 88.95 (1.04) | |
| Yes | 12.68 (0.01) | 14.74 (1.22) | 11.05 (1.04) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.28 | |||
| No | 11.51 (0.01) | 12.51 (1.13) | 10.63 (1.17) | |
| Yes | 88.49 (0.03) | 87.49 (1.13) | 89.37 (1.17) | |
| Alcohol user | 0.04 | |||
| No | 13.00 (0.01) | 16.13 (1.24) | 12.45 (1.14) | |
| Yes | 78.87 (0.03) | 83.87 (1.24) | 87.55 (1.14) | |
| Smoking | 0.94 | |||
| No | 50.32 (0.02) | 50.24 (1.88) | 50.41 (1.73) | |
| Yes | 49.66 (0.02) | 49.76 (1.88) | 49.59(1.73) | |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | 0.30 | |||
| OHAS | 43.51 (0.02) | 73.41 (1.92) | 69.54 (1.83) | |
| Insulin | 10.90 (0.01) | 16.62 (1.81) | 18.91 (1.36) | |
| OHAS + Insulin | 6.61 (0.01) | 9.98 (1.05) | 11.55 (1.17) | |
| CKD | 0.04 | |||
| No | 63.02 (0.02) | 60.16 (2.20) | 65.52 (1.51) | |
| Yes | 36.98 (0.02) | 39.84 (2.20) | 34.48 (1.51) |
BMI, Body Mass Index; OHAS, Oral hypoglycaemic agents; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease.