Table 1.

Participants and interventions characteristics

STUDY (Authors, year, and country)	NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION	GROUPS	AGES	TYPE OF INTERVENTION		TREATMENT PROTOCOL (Session duration and frequency, and total duration)		OUTCOME MEASURES	MEASURING INSTRUMENTS	RESULTS
				mHealth Group	Control Group	mHealth Group	Control Group
Kim et al., 2012 [47] South Korea	Stroke	N = 18 mHealth G: 9 Control G: 9	mHealth G: 53.311.8 Control G: 51.813.7	Gait training based on rhythmic auditory stimulation by an app + CGI	Physical therapy	-Session: 30 min of mHealth per day + 30 min of CGI twice a day -Frequency: 3 sessions (mHealth) and 5 sessions (CGI) per week -Total duration: 5 weeks	-Session: 30 min twice a day -Frequency: 5 sessions per week -Total duration: 5 weeks.	-Spatiotemporal gait parameters -Balance and postural stability -Fall risk	GAITRite system; FSST; TUG; DGI; FAC; ABC Scale	Spatiotemporal gait outcomes improved in both groups. In mHealth group, the difference pre-post intervention in speed, cadence and stride length were significant (p<0.05). By the inter-group analysis, the mHealth group showed significant improvements in scores on the ABC scale, TUG, DGI (p<0.001), compared with the control group.
Shin and Song, 2016 [45] South Korea	Stroke	N = 24 mHealth G: 12 Control G: 12	mHealth G: 57.75 ± 14.03 Control G: 59.259.75	Balance training by an app + CGI	Physical and occupational therapies, and electrical stimulation therapy	-Session: 80 min of CGI + 20 min of mHealth per day -Frequency: 3 sessions (mHealth) and 5 sessions (CGI) per week -Total duration: 4 weeks	-Session: 80 min per day -Frequency: 5 sessions per week -Total duration: 4 weeks.	-Dynamic and static balance	Good Balance system; mRFT; TUG; TIS.	Improvements of static and dynamic balance (p<0.05) on sitting, TUG test (p<0.001) and TIS score (p=0.02) were significantly higher in mHealth group compared with control group after the 4-weeks. Regarding changes in trunk performance (mRFT), a significantly increased was observed in both groups.
Lee et al., 2017 [44] South Korea	Stroke	N = 24 mHealth G: 12 Control G: 12	mHealth G: 55.11±14.62 Control G: 52.065.54	Speed-Interactive Treadmill Training (SITT) based on app	Conventional SITT	-Session: 35 min per day -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 6 weeks	-Session: 35 min per day -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 6 weeks	-Spatiotemporal gait parameters and gait symmetry	OptoGait system	An overall improvement in spatiotemporal gait parameters was observed in both groups. However, significant changes between mHealth and control groups were about stride length (p=0.042) and affected and non-affected step (p=0.29). According to gait symmetry, both analysis (intra and intergroup) did not show significant improvement.
Grau-Pellicer et al., 2019 [46] Spain	Stroke	N = 41 mHealth G: 24 Control G: 17	mHealth G: 62.96±11.87 Control G: 68.5311.53	Monitoring PA parameters and health-related outcomes by the apps + Home-based PA program	Physical and occupational therapies	-Session: 1 hour of PA per day + daily PA monitoring -Frequency: 2 sessions per week -Total duration: 8 weeks	-Session: 1 hour of PA per day -Frequency: 2 sessions per week -Total duration: 12 weeks	-PA and gait performance -Balance and postural stability	PA and sedentary daily time; 10MWT; 6MWT; TUG.	Changes in community ambulation and sitting time per day were statistical significantly in mHealth group (p<0.05). Both groups significantly improved the gait speed (p<0.05), however gait performance (6MWT) increased only in mHealth group. According to dynamic balance and the risk of falls, the TUG time decreased significantly by 3.46 seconds in mHealth group. This value is below the 14 s cutoff value (9.59±3.15), considering as “non-fallers”.
Asano et al., 2021 [38] Singapore	Stroke	N = 124 mHealth G: 61 Control G: 63	mHealth G: 63.8 Control G: 64.4	Prescribed home-based PA program and video-feedback provided by an app + CGI (if participants wished)	Physiotherapy and occupational therapies	-Session: 1 hour per day -Frequency: 5 sessions (mHealth) and 1-2 sessions (CGI) per week -Total duration: 12weeks	-Session: 1 hour per day -Frequency: 1-2 sessions per week -Total duration: 12 weeks	-Gait speed and endurance	5MWT; 2MWT	At 12 weeks post-intervention, both groups showed improvements in gait speed measured by the 5MWT (p=0.026) and gait endurance by the 2MWT (p=0.034) from baseline. However, there was no difference between groups.
Ginis et al. 2016 [41] Belgium and Israel	Parkinson Disease	N = 40 mHealth G: 22 Control G: 18	ND	Gait training by apps	Conventional gait training	-Session: 30 min (ABF-gait app) per day + 30 min (FOG-cue app) per day only for participant with FOG -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 6 weeks	-Session: 30 min per day -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 6 weeks	-Spatiotemporal gait parameters -Balance and physical condition	Protokinetics instrumented walkway; FSST; MiniBESTest; FES-I; PASE; 2MWT.	Improvements in speed gait and stride length after training period were observed in both groups (p<0.001), but there were not significant differences between them (p>0.05). Significant improvements in dynamic balance by the FSST (p<0.05) were achieved by the mHealth group, but there was not a significant interaction effect of time by groups (p=0.09).
Ellis et al., 2018 [48] United States of America	Parkinson Disease	N = 51 mHealth G: 26 Control G: 25	mHealth G: 64.8±8.5 Control G: 63.3±10.6	App-based PA program + passive monitoring	Paper-based PA intervention + passive monitoring	-Session: 5-7 active exercises for 3 day/week + Daily PA monitoring. -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 12 weeks.	-Session: 5-7 active exercises for 3 day/week + Daily PA monitoring -Frequency: 3 sessions per week -Total duration: 12 weeks.	-PA level and gait performance	StepWatch Activity Monitor device; 6MWT.	Significant results (p=0.02) and clinical changes were observed in mHealth group for the 6MWT. However, there were not significant differences between groups. Also, both groups improved daily walking minutes and distance walked per day from the beginning, but the difference between groups was not statistically significance.
Nasseri et al., 2020 [50] Germany	Multiple sclerosis	N = 38 mHealth G: 18 Control G: 20	mHealth G: 49.6±8.5 Control G: 52.5±7.3	Evidence-based patient information (EBPI) by an app, including activity feedback, texts, figures, and videos.	General information about effects of exercising based on a leaflet	-Session duration not defined -Frequency: Weekly access to app content. -Total duration: 12 weeks	-Session duration and frequency were not defined -Total duration: 12 weeks	-Gait endurance and performance	6MWT; 2MWT; T25FW; Timed Tandem Walk	Despite both groups improve outcome measures in 6MWT and 2MWT, there were not statistically significant differences from baseline to follow-up for any test (p=0.22 and p=0.27, respectively). As well, the difference between groups were no significant in both 6MWT (p=0.45) and 2MWT (p=0.64).
Plow and Golding, 2017 [49] United States of America	Neurological conditions	N = 46 mHealth G: 15 Control G: 15 G3: 16	(Average age) 57.89.48	Self-management and app-based PA program + Phone calls Group 3: Paper-based PA program + Phone calls	Generic education on PA and health information and behaviors + Phone calls	-Session: 30 min of PA per day + daily PA self-management -Frequency: 3-5 sessions of PA per week + 3 follow-up phone calls -Total duration: 7 weeks	Similar length of time as phone calls Frequency: 3 follow-up phone calls -Total duration: 7 weeks	-Physical and walking performance -PA levels and behaviors	6MWT; 1min chair stands; 1min arm curls. PADs; PROMIS	There is non-statistically significant difference in 6MWT between mHealth and control group (p=0.16). Regarding PA activity and behaviors, participants in mHealth group increased their engagement in PA (p<0.05) while in control group decreased it.
Li et al., 2020 [40] Australia	Neurological conditions	N = 38 mHealth G: 22 Control G: 16	ND	App-based PA program + CGI	Physical therapy	-Session: not defined -Intervention: depends on the length of patients stay in rehabilitation	Session: not defined Intervention: depends on the length of patients stay in rehabilitation	-Total supplementary PA dosage (mHealth G) -Gait endurance, gait speed, dynamic balance, and level of disability	Frequency of app use and repetitions of exercise performed 6MWT;10MWT; TUG; FIM.	Both groups demonstrated significant changes for all functional outcome measures (p<0.01). However, there were not significant differences in 6MWT (p=0.5), 10MWT (p=0.2) and TUG (p=0.5) between groups.
Hankinson et al., 2022 [39] Australia	Stroke	N=22 mHealth G: 10 Control G: 12	ND	Music-motor training app	Usual care stroke rehabilitation	-Session: 20-min music-motor therapy -Frequency: 3 sessions per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) -Total duration: 6 weeks	-Sessions and frequency not defined	-Upper and lower limb motor function -Adherence	Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of Motor Recovery score	Upper limb score improved in both intervention and control groups at 3-week follow-up.
Salgueiro et al., 2022 [43] Spain	Stroke	N = 30 mHealth G: 15 Control G: 15	mHealth G: 57.27±14.35 Control G: 64.53±9.4	Home-based core-stability based on a telerehabilitation app + CGI	Conventional physiotherapy (muscle stretching, passive and functional mobilization, sitting and standing posture and gait, task and aerobic training)	-Session: depend on the number of exercises and time spent in performing them. -Frequency: 5 days per week -Total duration: 12 weeks	-Session: one-hour face-to-face -Frequency: 2 times per week -Total duration: 12 weeks	-Trunk performance and sitting balance -Standing balance -Adherence	S-TIS2.0; S-FIST; S-PASS, BBS; number of falls registered; G-Walk accelerometer system.	Regarding trunk function measures, significant improvements in sitting balance by the S-TIS 2.0 were observed in both groups, but the mHealth group scored superior to control in balance-scale and total score. Also, for coordination-scale, only mHealth group achieved statistically significant difference post-intervention. In relation to the standing balance, significant differences in the S-PASS mobility section were observed in mHealth group pre-post intervention, but not when compared with the control group. Also, neither in the S-PASS balance section nor S-PASS total score were observed statistically significant differences in intergroup analysis. Regarding the BBS, statistical significance of the increasing score were observed in intragroup analysis for both mHealth and control groups, but did not achieved when compared between groups.
Aphiphaksakul and Siriphorn, 2022 [42] Indonesia	Stroke	N = 32 mHealth G: 16 Control G: 16	mHealth G: 59.38±11.09 Control G: 59.38±10.80	Home-based exercise utilizing a balance disc with input from a smartphone inclinometer app + CGI	Conventional home rehabilitation program	-Session: 30-minute sitting balance training program -Frequency: 5 days per week -Total duration: 4 weeks	-Session: 60 minutes -Frequency: 5 days per week -Total duration: 4 weeks	-Sitting balance performance -Daily life activities	PASS; FIST; BI.	Patients in both groups significantly improved their FIST, PASS total score and sub-scales, and BI at post-test. Intergroup analysis showed that the mHealth group scored significantly higher on the PASS changing posture sub-scales (p=0.010) and BI (p=0.018). In fact, the BI group difference was clinically significant. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups in any other measurements.

ABC scale Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, ABF, Audio-biofeedback, App application, CGI Control group intervention, DGI Dynamic Gait Index, FAC Functional Ambulation Classification, FES-I Falls Efficacy Scale-International, FIM Functional Independence Measure, FOG Freezing of Gait, FSST Four Step Square Test, G group, Min minutes, MiniBESTest Balance Evaluation System Test (shorten form), mRFT Modified Relay Feedback Test, ND no data, PA Physical activity, PADs Physical Activity and Disability Survey, PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, TIS Trunk Impairment Scale, TUG Time Up & Go, T25FW Timed 25 Foot Walk, 2MWT 2-Minute Walk Test, 6MWT 6-Minute Walk Test, 10MWT 10-Meter Walk Test