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. 2023 Apr 5;209(4):563–591. doi: 10.1007/s00359-023-01625-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Anatomy and physiology of inter-medulla/lobula neurons (MELO-MELO-PNs). a Frontal (top) and ventral (bottom) view of the 3D reconstruction of a MELO-MELO-PN. b–d Maximal intensity projection of a few optical sections of the confocal stack illustrating the arborizations of a neurobiotin-injected MELO-MELO-PN in the ipsilateral lobula and medulla (b, c) and the contralateral lobula and medulla (d). Frontal view (b), ventral view (c, d). Arrows indicate smooth fibers. e Average response curves of three individual cells during receptive field mapping. Yellow: cw movement, green: ccw movement. f Activity of the MELO-MELO-PN #1 of the right hemisphere in response to cw (yellow) and ccw (green) wide-field optic flow of different velocities (dark to light yellow/green, values: 10°/s, 40°/s, 70°/s, 100°/s, 130°/s, and 160°/s). Green dotted lines: grating presented; green solid lines: motion onset; red lines: motion stop. Bottom graph: mean response frequency during the final 2 s of each stimulus bout of the cw and ccw stimulus sequence. g Same as in (f) but for the MELO-MELO-PN #2 of the left hemisphere. h Activity of the MELO-MELO-PN #3 of the right hemisphere in response to front-to-back (ftb) and back-to-front (btf) optic flow of different velocities (dark to light cyan/orange, values: 15°/s, 30°/s, 60°/s, and 90°/s). i Activity of the MELO-MELO-PN #1 in response to cw (yellow) and ccw (green) optic flow of different spatial frequencies. Bottom graph: mean response frequency during the final 2 s of each stimulus bout. j, k Same as in the bottom graph in (i) but for the other two MELO-MELO-PNs. All stimuli without ND filters