Table 3.

All studies, stratified by intervention type

Study	Study design	Study Year	Country	Setting	Population	Comparison	Intervention†
Facility-based services
Ahmed, 2020	Retrospective Cohort	2016–2018	Ethiopia	Rural	Men and women	Initiated ART >7 days after diagnosis	Same day ART initiation after diagnosis in facility
Rosen, 2019	RCT	2017–2018	South Africa, Kenya	Urban	Men and women	ART initiation within 2 weeks	Clinical algorithm for same-day ART initiation in facilities (excluding individuals with TB symptoms)
Maskew, 2020	RCT	2018	South Africa	Urban	Men and women	ART initiation within 2 weeks	Clinical algorithm for same-day ART initiation in facilities (including individuals with TB symptoms)
Community-based Services
Labhardt, 2018	RCT	2016–2017	Lesotho	Rural	Men and women	HBHCT and referral to nearest facility	C + Same-day home based initiation with 30-day supply of ART
Katbi, 2019	Non-Controlled Trial	2015	Nigeria	Rural	Men and women who declined ART	N/A	Individual and group adherence counseling, home based initiation with 30-day supply of ART, weekly phone calls from physicians
Mwango, 2020	Non-Controlled Trial	2018–2019	Zambia	Urban, Rural	Men and women	N/A	Community and male-specific (e.g. school, worksite, home) HCT outreach and education + on-site ART initiation or facility escort and ongoing peer-counseling
Maina, 2019	Non-Controlled Trial	2016	South Africa	Rural	Farmworkers, Men and women	N/A	Home and mobile HIV/TB testing + on-site ART initiation
Outreach
Grasso, 2021	Non-Controlled Trial	2017	Namibia	Urban, Rural	Men and women	N/A	Facilitated facility linkage by CHWs (after home testing)
Choi, 2020	Non-Controlled Trial	2018	South Africa	Rural	Men and women at local bars	N/A	Male CHWs stationed outside shebeens (alcohol venues) conducted HIV screening, rapid testing, counseling, and facilitated linkage and/or transportation to clinic or district hospital for ART initiation.
Mwango, 2020	Non-Controlled Trial	2018–2019	Zambia	Urban, Rural	Men and women	N/A	Index testing services in home + facility escort. Follow-up home visit if individual did not initiate ART.
Baisley, 2019	Non-Controlled Trial	2017	South Africa	Rural	Men and women	N/A	Home-based HCT + facility linkage, SMS after 2 weeks, and nurse call after 2 more weeks if not initiated.
Counseling/Peer Support
MacKellar, 2018	Non-Controlled Trial	2014–2017	Tanzania	Urban, Rural	Men and women	N/A	Facility escort and treatment navigation, weekly telephone support and appointment reminder calls, 5 peer-delivered counseling sessions, and 2 in-person visits for HIV testing of partners and family members over a 90-day period.
MacKellar, 2021	Non-Controlled Trial	2015–2018	Eswatini	Urban, Rural	Men and women	N/A	Mobile HCT + facility escort and treatment navigation, weekly telephone support and appointment reminder calls, 5 peer-delivered counseling sessions, and 2 in-person visits for HIV testing of partners and family members over a 90-day period.
Malone, 2021	Non-Controlled Trial	2020	South Africa	Urban	Men	N/A	At least monthly individual HIV counseling sessions delivered by male peer counselors. Tailored services could include facility escort and treatment navigation, case-management, and assisted disclosure to partners and family members over a 6-month period.
Incentives
Fahey, 2020	RCT	2018	Tanzania	Urban	Men and women	Standard of care	C + 6 conditional monthly incentives of $4.50 for clinic attendance C + 6 conditional monthly incentives of $10.00 for clinic attendance
Barnabas, 2020	RCT	2017–2018	South Africa	Rural	Men with phones	Motivational text messages	C + 3 conditional lottery incentives (phone, data, $100 gift card) for clinic registration, ART initiation, and viral suppression at 1, 3, and 6 months

^†C refers to all activities listed in the comparison row