Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes and markers of COVID-19 disease severity for patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease.
| All patients (n = 1,567) |
Patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease (n = 1,169) | Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (n = 398) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||||
| All-cause, in hospital mortality, no. (%) | 176 (11.2) | 74 (6.3) | 102 (25.6) | 5.10 (3.68 to 7.06) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular cause of death, no. (%) | 12 (0.8) | 4 (0.3) | 8 (2.0) | 5.97 (1.79 to 19.95) | 0.004 |
| Other cause of death, no. (%) | 164 (10.5) | 70 (6.0) | 94 (23.6) | 4.84 (3.46 to 6.76) | <0.001 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| Clinical cardiovascular complications, no. (%) | 76 (5.7)a | 61 (5.2)b | 15 (8.5)c | 1.69 (0.94 to 3.04) | 0.078 |
| New onset atrial fibrillation or flutter, no. (%) | 34 (2.4)d | 26 (2.2)e | 8 (3.4)f | 1.54 (0.69 to 3.45) | 0.289 |
| High-grade atrioventricular block, no. (%) | 5 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.8) | 4.43 (0.74 to 26.62) | 0.107 |
| Sustained conscious ventricular tachycardia, no. (%) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 2.94 (0.18 to 47.15) | 0.444 |
| New heart failure or cardiomyopathy, no. (%) | 13 (0.9)g | 11 (0.9)h | 2 (0.7)i | 0.73 (0.16 to 3.29) | 0.676 |
| Pericarditis, no. (%) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.34 (1.30 to 1.38) | 1.000 |
| Myocarditis or myopericarditis, no. (%) | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.34 (1.30 to 1.38) | 0.338 |
| Pulmonary embolism, no (%) | 24 (1.5) | 16 (1.4) | 8 (2.0) | 1.48 (0.63 to 3.48) | 0.369 |
| Cardiac arrest, no. (%) | 13 (0.8) | 8 (0.7) | 5 (1.3) | 1.85 (0.60 to 5.68) | 0.277 |
| Myocardial injury, no. (%) | 345 (37.8)j | 168 (25.1)k | 177 (72.5)l | 7.86 (5.65 to 10.95) | <0.001 |
| Markers of COVID-19 disease severity | |||||
| ICU admission, no. (%) | 254 (16.2) | 208 (17.8) | 46 (11.6) | 0.60 (0.43 to 0.85) | 0.004 |
| Intubation, no. (%) | 116 (7.4) | 95 (8.1) | 21 (5.3) | 0.63 (0.39 to 1.03) | 0.061 |
| Intravenous positive inotropes or vasopressors, no. (%) | 64 (4.1) | 52 (4.4) | 12 (3.0) | 0.67 (0.35 to 1.26) | 0.212 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), no. (%) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.34 (1.30 to 1.38) | 1.000 |
Out of 1,343 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter and pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 1,167 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter and pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 176 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter and pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 1,404 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Out of 1,168 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Out of 236 patients without pre-existing atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Out of 1,460 patients without pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 1,168 patients without pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 292 patients without pre-existing heart failure.
Out of 912 patients who had troponin measured during admission.
Out of 668 patients who had troponin measured during admission.
Out of 244 patients who had troponin measured during admission.