Table 3.
Stratification analysis of the association between total flavonoid intake and MetS.
| Covariates | Total population (n = 28,719) | p for trend | p for interaction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.56 | |||||
| ≤ 20, n | 7,804 | ref | 0.72 (0.57,0.92) | 0.64 (0.50,0.82) | < 0.001 | |
| 21–39, n | 6,813 | ref | 0.94 (0.77,1.13) | 0.87 (0.66,1.14) | 0.3 | |
| 40-59, n | 7,847 | ref | 0.96 (0.74,1.24) | 0.93 (0.74,1.18) | 0.54 | |
| ≥60, n | 6,255 | ref | 0.76 (0.58,1.01) | 0.84 (0.66,1.07) | 0.22 | |
| Sex | 0.73 | |||||
| Female, n | 14,690 | ref | 0.92 (0.80,1.05) | 0.99 (0.87,1.13) | 0.94 | |
| Male, n | 14,029 | ref | 0.86 (0.73,1.00) | 0.90 (0.75,1.08) | 0.27 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.19 | |||||
| White, n | 18,191 | ref | 0.98 (0.83,1.14) | 1.03 (0.88,1.21) | 0.63 | |
| Black, n | 3,465 | ref | 0.82 (0.67,1.00) | 0.91 (0.73,1.12) | 0.37 | |
| Mexican, n | 2,970 | ref | 0.78 (0.66,0.92) | 0.79 (0.66,0.95) | 0.02 | |
| Other, n | 4,093 | ref | 0.72 (0.56,0.92) | 0.77 (0.61,0.96) | 0.05 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.11 | |||||
| BMI ≥ 25, n | 12,677 | ref | 0.98 (0.83,1.15) | 0.97 (0.84,1.12) | 0.7 | |
| BMI ≤ 25, n | 16,042 | ref | 0.74 (0.56,0.97) | 0.70 (0.55,0.91) | 0.01 | |
| Smoke | 0.41 | |||||
| No, n | 24,288 | ref | 0.90 (0.79,1.03) | 0.92 (0.80,1.07) | 0.32 | |
| Yes, n | 4,431 | ref | 0.90 (0.72,1.12) | 1.09 (0.86,1.38) | 0.43 | |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||
| Never, n | 6,979 | ref | 0.75 (0.62,0.89) | 0.87 (0.69,1.10) | 0.3 | 0.65 |
| Former, n | 2,257 | ref | 0.83 (0.63,1.09) | 1.00 (0.72,1.39) | 0.97 | |
| Mild, n | 8,587 | ref | 1.01 (0.76,1.33) | 0.94 (0.69,1.26) | 0.61 | |
| Moderate, n | 4,474 | ref | 0.93 (0.64,1.35) | 1.13 (0.83,1.54) | 0.35 | |
| Heavy, n | 6,422 | ref | 0.92 (0.74,1.15) | 0.93 (0.72,1.18) | 0.54 | |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| No, n | 10,399 | ref | 0.76 (0.65,0.89) | 1.16 (1.00,1.35) | 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| Low, n | 5,775 | ref | 0.93 (0.73,1.18) | 0.80 (0.62,1.03) | 0.07 | |
| Intermediate, n | 6,304 | ref | 1.08 (0.86,1.35) | 0.82 (0.64,1.05) | 0.07 | |
| High, n | 6,241 | ref | 0.87 (0.69,1.09) | 0.94 (0.71,1.24) | 0.73 | |
| Hypertension | 0.08 | |||||
| No, n | 20,816 | ref | 0.79 (0.69,0.91) | 0.87 (0.74,1.04) | 0.16 | |
| Yes, n | 7,903 | ref | 0.99 (0.83,1.19) | 0.92 (0.77,1.09) | 0.29 | |
| Diabetic | 0.28 | |||||
| No, n | 23,972 | ref | 0.88 (0.75,1.02) | 0.92 (0.80,1.06) | 0.32 | |
| Yes, n | 4,747 | ref | 0.88 (0.71,1.09) | 0.86 (0.72,1.04) | 0.14 | |
| CVD | 0.07 | |||||
| No, n | 26,855 | ref | 0.91 (0.80,1.03) | 0.96 (0.84,1.10) | 0.62 | |
| Yes, n | 1,864 | ref | 0.71 (0.54,0.94) | 0.72 (0.52,0.98) | 0.05 | |
| CKD | 0.002 | |||||
| No, n | 20,867 | ref | 0.96 (0.84,1.10) | 0.92 (0.80,1.05) | 0.21 | |
| Yes, n | 7,852 | ref | 0.77 (0.63,0.94) | 1.04 (0.84,1.29) | 0.6 | |
| COPD | 0.03 | |||||
| No, n | 27,645 | ref | 0.91 (0.80,1.02) | 0.94 (0.82,1.07) | 0.41 | |
| Yes, n | 1,074 | ref | 0.58 (0.38,0.89) | 1.07 (0.68,1.69) | 0.66 | |
OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence interval. Data are presented as OR and 95% CIs. ORs were obtained by the logistic analysis with adjusted intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, and total fat. P-value based on orthogonal polynomial contrasts of the adjusted prevalence estimates by category of flavonoid (total or subclass) intake. BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MET, metabolic equivalent; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MetS, metabolic syndrome.