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The impact of loner bots on promoting cooperation in a regular lattice depends on the strength of imitation. In scenarios with weak imitation, loners tend to dominate the population, whereas in scenarios with strong imitation, loner bots can effectively increase cooperation rates. Shown are the proportions of cooperation, defection and loners relative to imitation strength κ−1, with fixed parameters of r = 0.5, and ρ values of 0 (a), 0.2 (b), 0.4 (c) and 0.5 (d).
