Figure 9.

Evolutionary snapshots reveal that a high density of loner bots can create a barrier for the spread of cooperation, leading to the breakdown of cooperative behaviour. Shown are the evolutionary snapshots taken at different values of bot intensity, with the dilemma strength fixed at r = 0.5 and the value of ρ fixed at 0, 0.1, 0.4 and 0.5 from top to bottom rows. The snapshots in the first column were taken at the initial step, where actions were distributed randomly for both human players and bot players. The snapshots in the remaining columns were taken at different time steps, making the figure as illustrative as possible.