Table 1.
Stratified analysis and Heterogeneity Analysis of RRs.
| MACE | All-cause Death | CHD | Heart Failure | Stroke | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors Stratified | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value |
| All studies | 1.27 (1.15–1.40) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 1.25 (1.11–1.41) | 1.92 (1.51–2.45) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | |||||
| Type of study | ||||||||||
| Case-control | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | 0.74 | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) | 0.54 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 0.44 | 1.91 (1.79–2.03) | <0.01 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 0.75 |
| Cohort | 1.39 (1.17–1.64) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | 1.41 (1.20–1.65) | 2.00 (1.16–3.48) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | |||||
| RCT | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | – | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | – | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | |||||
| Events | ||||||||||
| ≥1000 | 1.22 (1.09–2.36) | 0.77 | 1.04 (0.66–1.66) | 0.58 | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) | 0.98 | 1.76 (1.51–2.05) | 0.73 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 0.92 |
| <1000 | 1.31 (0.97–1.76) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 1.21 (1.01–1.46) | 2.36 (0.43–13.01) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | |||||
| Type of glucocorticoid | ||||||||||
| Inhaled | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.80 (0.77–0.82) | <0.01 | 0.97 (0.83–1.15) | 0.01 | – | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 0.63 | |
| Not Inhaleda | 1.38 (1.25–1.51) | 1.62 (1.27–2.07) | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | – | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | |||||
| Location | ||||||||||
| Asia | 0.44 (0.13–1.47) | 0.76 | – | 2.56 (0.46–14.40) | 0.16 | 1.79 (1.03–3.11) | 0.40 | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.06 | |
| Europe | 1.44 (1.18–1.76) | 1.13 (0.68–1.91) | 0.16 | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) | 2.32 (1.74–3.08) | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | ||||
| North American | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | |||||
| Baseline disease | ||||||||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.47 (1.20–1.80) | 0.48 | 1.53 (1.11–2.11) | 0.48 | 1.42 (1.21–1.68) | 0.94 | 1.16 (0.63–2.14) | 0.60 | 1.63 (1.20–2.20) | 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/ Asthma | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | – | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) | |||||
| Otherb | 1.31 (0.87–1.96) | 1.34 (0.96–1.88) | 1.41 (0.99–2.02) | 2.72 (0.57–13.02) | 0.94 (0.65–1.38) | |||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| ≥65 years | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.07 | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | <0.01 | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 0.09 | 1.35 (0.62–2.97) | 0.01 | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 0.09 |
| <65 years | 1.42 (1.16–1.75) | 1.33 (0.78–2.26) | 1.41 (1.23–1.61) | 2.55 (1.14–5.65) | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | |||||
| Male proportion | ||||||||||
| ≥50% | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 0.67 | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | <0.01 | – | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 0.08 | |
| <50% | 1.25 (1.13–1.39) | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 1.47 (1.27–1.69) | – | 1.16 (0.99–1.37) | |||||
| Time periods of glucocorticoid use | ||||||||||
| Current | 1.38 (1.27–1.51) | 0.84 | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 0.41 | 1.39 (1.09–1.79) | 0.16 | 2.04 (1.79–2.32) | <0.01 | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.89 |
| Ever | 1.33 (0.93–1.88) | 1.30 (0.56–3.02) | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 1.46 (1.18–1.81) | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | |||||
| Adjusted for risk profifiles | ||||||||||
| No | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 0.23 | 0.69 (0.44–1.09) | 0.16 | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 0.56 | 1.25 (0.60–2.59) | 0.37 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.11 |
| Yes | 1.34 (1.20–1.50) | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 1.22 (1.05–1.41) | 2.14 (1.64–2.79) | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) | |||||
| Publication year | ||||||||||
| ≥2010 | 1.41 (1.21–1.64) | 0.06 | 1.35 (0.86–2.12) | <0.01 | 1.41 (1.22–1.64) | 0.02 | 2.80 (1.30–6.02) | 0.02 | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.66 |
| <2010 | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 1.03 (0.89–1.41) | 1.32 (0.77–2.28) | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | |||||
MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; CHD: coronary heart disease.
a
included oral, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal and so on.
b
included prostate cancer, pneumonia, skin disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, psoriatic arthritis and so on.
The bold words to emphasize that p-value less than 0.05.