Table 2. Associations Between Variables and Mental Well-Being.
| Variable | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI)c | P value | B (95% CI)c | P value | |
| Individual level | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Male | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | <.001 | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | <.001 |
| Age, yd | −0.04 (−0.04 to −0.03) | <.001 | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01) | <.001 |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Han | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.35) | <.001 | 0.20 (0.14 to 0.26) | <.001 |
| Other | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| BMIe | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.02) | <.001 | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.02) | <.001 |
| 1-Child family | ||||
| No | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 0.28 (0.25 to 0.32) | <.001 | 0.17 (0.13 to 0.20) | <.001 |
| Drinking | ||||
| No | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | −1.20 (−1.24 to −1.17) | <.001 | −1.08 (−1.12 to −1.05) | <.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | −0.95 (−1.02 to −0.89) | <.001 | −0.89 (−0.96 to −0.83) | <.001 |
| Amount of exercise, d/wk | ||||
| ≤2 | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| 3-4 | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.82) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.77 to 0.84) | <.001 |
| 5-7 | 1.17 (1.43 to 1.50) | <.001 | 1.49 (1.45 to 1.52) | <.001 |
| Subjective family SESe | 0.34 (0.33 to 0.35) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.32 to 0.34) | <.001 |
| Self-rated popularity in schoole | 0.90 (0.89 to 0.91) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.88 to 0.89) | <.001 |
| Objective family SESe | 0.10 (0.08 to 0.12) | <.001 | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10) | <.001 |
| Mother’s education level | ||||
| ≤High school | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Junior college | 0.20 (0.15 to 0.25) | <.001 | 0.10 (0.05 to 0.15) | <.001 |
| Bachelor’s | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.34) | <.001 | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.23) | <.001 |
| ≥Master’s | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.20) | .04 | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | .89 |
| HDI level of resident province | ||||
| Very low | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Low | 0.52 (0.44 to 0.59) | <.001 | 0.04 (−0.19 to 0.26) | .75 |
| Lower middle | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.26) | <.001 | 0.06 (−0.21 to 0.33) | .65 |
| Upper middle | 0.36 (0.28 to 0.43) | <.001 | 0.15 (−0.11 to 0.40) | .26 |
| High | 0.41 (0.33 to 0.48) | <.001 | 0.44 (0.17 to 0.70) | .001 |
| Very high | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.25) | <.001 | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.12) | <.001 |
| School level | ||||
| Type | ||||
| Private | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Public | 0.41 (0.36 to 0.46) | <.001 | 0.38 (0.05 to 0.71) | .03 |
| Region | ||||
| Rural | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Urban | −0.10 (−0.13 to −0.06) | <.001 | −0.01 (−0.29 to 0.27) | .95 |
| Locations around school | ||||
| Shopping institutions | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.01) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | .15 |
| Exercise institutions | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | >.99 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | .25 |
| Traffic stations | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | .27 |
| Natural scenery | −0.01 (−0.01 to 0.00) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.01) | .63 |
| Tourist locations | 0.00 (−0.00 to −0.00) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.01) | .38 |
| Educational institutions | 0.00 (−0.00 to −0.00) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | .47 |
| Number of psychology teachers per student, meane | 5.64 (−7.72 to 19.00) | .41 | 8.01 (−37.65 to 53.66) | .73 |
| Psychological activities held by school | ||||
| None | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| 1/y | 0.04 (−0.02 to 0.11) | .20 | 0.25 (−0.17 to 0.67) | .24 |
| ≥1/semester | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.24) | .10 | 0.32 (−0.07 to 0.71) | .10 |
| Psychological courses in school | ||||
| None | ||||
| 1/2 wk for some students | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.13) | .01 | 0.04 (−0.38 to 0.46) | .86 |
| 1/wk for some students | 0.00 (−0.06 to 0.06) | .98 | −0.03 (−0.46 to 0.39) | .89 |
| ≥ 2/wk for some students | 0.53 (0.46 to 0.61) | <.001 | 0.56 (−0.03 to 1.14) | .06 |
| 1/2 wk for all students | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.24) | <.001 | 0.35 (−0.06 to 0.76) | .10 |
| 1/wk for all students | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | .23 | 0.11 (−0.35 to 0.56) | .65 |
| ≥2/wk for all students | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.97) | <.001 | 1.02 (0.36 to 1.69) | .003 |
| Honors of school | ||||
| None | 0 [Reference] | NA | 0 [Reference] | NA |
| Awarded in county level | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.04) | <.001 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03) | .70 |
| Awarded in city level | −0.22 (−0.27 to −0.17) | <.001 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | .44 |
| Awarded in province level | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.20) | <.001 | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) | .30 |
| Awarded in country level | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) | .10 | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.03) | .74 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDI, Human Development Index; NA, not applicable; SES: socioeconomic status.
a
Conventional linear regression.
b
Linear mixed-effects models.
c
B represents the unstandardized coefficient.
d
Per 1-year increase in age.
e
Per 1-unit increase.