Table 1.
General characteristics of participants based on case and control and across tertiles of ultra-processed foods consumption.
| Participants group | p Value1 | UPFs consumption tertiles (% of Kcal) | p Value2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | T1 (mean ± SD = 1.9 ± 1.0) | T2 (mean ± SD = 5.5 ± 1.2) | T3 (mean ± SD = 13.7 ± 6.0) | |||
| Age, years | 54.7 ± 7.2 | 51.9 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | 55.2 ± 7.2 | 53.8 ± 7.7 | 52.1 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity n (%) | |||||||
| Fars | 1,096 (52.9%) | 655 (56.4%) | <0.001 | 539 (50.1%) | 613 (56.8%) | 639 (59%) | 0.002 |
| Azari | 213 (10.3%) | 82 (7.1%) | 95 (8.8%) | 83 (7.7%) | 72 (6.6%) | ||
| Kurd | 193 (9.3%) | 174 (15%) | 138 (12.8%) | 114 (10.6%) | 112 (10.3%) | ||
| Lor | 126 (6.1%) | 23 (2%) | 65 (6.0%) | 50 (4.6%) | 48 (4.4%) | ||
| Bakhtiari | 136 (6.6%) | 73 (6.3%) | 85 (7.9%) | 67 (6.2%) | 55 (5.1%) | ||
| Qashqaei | 76 (3.7%) | 56 (4.8%) | 49 (4.6%) | 46 (4.3%) | 36 (3.3%) | ||
| Arab | 64 (3.1%) | 31 (2.7%) | 21 (2.0%) | 31 (2.9%) | 43 (4.0%) | ||
| Gilak | 167 (8.1%) | 65 (5.6%) | 83 (7.7%) | 74 (6.9%) | 75 (6.9%) | ||
| Balouch | 2 (0.1%) | 3 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.3%) | ||
| Sex Men n (%) |
1,358 (65.4%) | 423 (36.1%) | <0.001 | 495 (45.8%) | 598 (55.1%) | 696 (64%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 4.5 | 28.8 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 28.2 ± 4.7 | 28.3 ± 4.8 | 28.2 ± 4.7 | 0.806 |
| Marital status Married, n (%) |
1884 (90.7%) | 1,033 (88.1%) | 0.023 | 962 (89.1%) | 983 (90.5%) | 980 (90.1%) | 0.522 |
| Education level, n (%) | |||||||
| Undergraduate | 1,022 (49.2%) | 663 (56.6%) | <0.001 | 682 (63.2%) | 543 (50%) | 439 (40.3%) | <0.001 |
| Graduate | 802 (38.6%) | 414 (35.4%) | 320 (29.7%) | 423 (39%) | 489 (44.9%) | ||
| Postgraduate | 253 (12.2%) | 94 (8%) | 77 (7.1%) | 120 (11%) | 160 (14.7%) | ||
| Current smoking, n (%) | 514 (24.7%) | 159 (13.6%) | <0.001 | 150 (13.9%) | 230 (21.2%) | 288 (26.5%) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD (%) | 1,095 (54.7%) | 517 (45.1%) | <0.001 | 510 (48.6%) | 531 (50.5%) | 580 (54.7%) | 0.015 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 701 (98.5%) | 265 (97.4%) | 0.282 | 356 (98.1%) | 296 (99%) | 304 (97.7%) | 0.474 |
| High WC, cm | 99.6 ± 11.6 | 98.5 ± 12.4 | 0.010 | 98.7 ± 11.5 | 99.7 ± 11.8 | 99.1 ± 12.1 | 0.150 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 851 (93.9%) | 443 (95.3%) | 0.308 | 459 (95.2%) | 443 (94.9%) | 393 (92.9%) | 0.274 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1,493 (78.1%) | 844 (76.4%) | 0.288 | 800 (79.1%) | 784 (77.6%) | 728 (76.7%) | 0.427 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 834 (43.8%) | 414 (37.6%) | 0.001 | 419 (41.6%) | 404 (40.1%) | 415 (43.9%) | 0.240 |
| FBS, mg/dL | 121.2 ± 55.9 | 106.1 ± 39.7 | <0.001 | 116.1 ± 51.3 | 113.7 ± 48.9 | 116.5 ± 52.6 | 0.446 |
| SBP, mmHg | 122.5 ± 19.1 | 121.2 ± 16.7 | 0.044 | 122.9 ± 18.2 | 122.6 ± 18.6 | 120.8 ± 18.0 | 0.014 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.1 ± 11.6 | 77.6 ± 10.6 | 0.202 | 77.8 ± 11.3 | 78.4 ± 11.4 | 77.7 ± 11.3 | 0.331 |
| TC, mg/dL | 158.4 ± 44.4 | 175.5 ± 42.8 | <0.001 | 167.1 ± 47.3 | 164.9 ± 43.5 | 161.8 ± 43.3 | 0.033 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 41.8 ± 10.9 | 45.9 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | 43.4 ± 11.7 | 43.3 ± 11.1 | 43.0 ± 10.9 | 0.674 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 86.5 ± 33.6 | 99.9 ± 32.5 | <0.001 | 92.9 ± 37.1 | 91.2 ± 32.1 | 90.1 ± 32.3 | 0.180 |
| TG, mg/dL | 158.1 ± 85.9 | 147.7 ± 78.1 | 0.001 | 155.9 ± 84.2 | 153.0 ± 79.7 | 155.6 ± 84.6 | 0.684 |
| Physical activity | 1990.1 ± 2358.4 | 1812.1 ± 2505.9 | 0.063 | 2042.6 ± 2553.8 | 1862.4 ± 2435.1 | 1860.8 ± 2168.2 | 0.177 |
1
Independent t-test was used for continues variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
2
Analysis of variance was used for continues variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
Data are mean ± SD, otherwise indicated.
UPF: ultra processed food; SD: Standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; FBS: fasting blood sugar; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.