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. 2023 Mar 21;30(8):1379–1388. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocad046

Table 2.

Encoding of social determinants of health (SDOH) notes during training

(A) BIO encoding of all trigger spans in a note
Tokens Triggers
He O
is O
a B-Employment
bartender I-Employment
and O
lives B-LivingStatus
alone O
(B) BIO encoding of the trigger span and arguments for just the employment event in A

Tokens Trigger StatusEmploy Duration History Type
He O O O O O
is O O O O O
a B-Employment B-StatusEmployEmployed O O B
bartender I-Employment I-StatusEmployEmployed O O I
and O O O O O
lives O O O O O
alone O O O O O
(C) Multi-label encoding of Status and Type arguments for the employment event in A and B — space prohibits display of other arguments
Tokens TokenTypeID B-StatusEmploy=Employed I-StatusEmploy=Employed B-StatusEmploy=Retired I-StatusEmploy=Retired O-StatusEmploy B-Type I-Type O-Type
He 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
is 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
a 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
bartender 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
and 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
lives 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
alone 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Note: The sequence “a bartender” participates in both the StatusEmploy argument, and in the Type argument.