Table 3.

Summary of top performing system for each team

Team (in alphabetical order)	Team abbrv.	Language rep.	Architecture	External data	Subtasks
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia*	CHOP	LMc	ST+TC	—	A, B, C
IBM*	IBM	LMc	unknown	—	C
Kaiser Permanente Southern CA*	KP	LMc,b	ST+TC	—	A, B
Medical Univ. of South Carolina*	MUSC	n-grams	KBu, rules	—	A, B, C
Microsoft*	MS	LMt	seq2seq	$\mathcal{U}$, $\mathcal{L}$	A, B, C
Philips Research North America*	PR	LMt	seq2seq	—	A, B, C
University Medical Center Utrecht*	UMCU	LMi, WE	ST+TC	$\mathcal{U}$	A, B, C
University of Florida*	UFL	LMi	ST+TC	$\mathcal{U}$	A, B, C
University of Massachusetts	UMass	unknown	unknown	—	A, C
University of Michigan*	UM	n-grams	ST+TC, rules	—	A, B
University of New South Wales	UNSW	n-grams, WE	ST+TC, rules	—	A, B
University of Pittsburgh	Pitt	n-grams	rules	—	A
University of Texas at San Antonio*	UTSA	LMr, WE	ST+TC	—	A, B, C
University of Utah*	UU	LMc	ST+TC	—	A, C
Verily Life Sciences	Verily	LMc	ST+TC	—	A

^*Indicates the team submitted an abstract.

^cIndicates ClinicalBERT.³⁷

^bIndicates BioBERT.³⁸

^tIndicates T5.³⁹

ⁱIndicates an in-house BERT variant pretrained on institutional data.

^uIndicates the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).⁴⁰

^rIndicates RoBERTa.⁴¹