Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics in all cohorts
| Covariates | Original cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low PAR | High PAR | P | Low PAR | High PAR | p | |
| N | 3533 | 1791 | - | 1489 | 833 | - |
| Age, years | 65.2 (15.9) | 65.2 (16.0) | 0.992 | 65.0 (15.5) | 64.5 (14.9) | 0.516 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 2243 (63.5) | 933 (52.1) | < 0.001 | 842 (56.5) | 403 (48.4) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 27.8 (7.9) | 28.0 (8.8) | 0.688 | 30.4 (8.4) | 28.6 (8.2) | 0.318 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.167 | 0.579 | ||||
| White | 2250 (63.7) | 1186(66.2) | 1182 (79.4) | 671 (80.6) | ||
| Black | 481 (13.6) | 234 (13.1) | 170 (11.4) | 96 (11.5) | ||
| Other | 802 (22.7) | 371 (20.7) | 25 (16.2) | 19 (29.2) | ||
| Interventions, n (%) | ||||||
| MV use | 2251 (63.7) | 1130(63.1) | 0.679 | 839 (56.3) | 497 (59.7) | 0.132 |
| RRT use | 386 (10.9) | 216 (12.1) | 0.234 | 119 (8.0) | 81 (9.7) | 0.177 |
| Drugs usage, n (%) | ||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 1028 (29.1) | 532 (29.7) | 0.669 | 392 (26.3) | 214 (25.7) | 0.775 |
| βblockers | 2454 (69.5) | 1278 (71.4) | 0.162 | 916 (61.5) | 506 (60.7) | 0.747 |
| CCB | 882 (25.0) | 431 (24.1) | 0.493 | 324 (21.8) | 188 (22.6) | 0.690 |
| Diuretic | 2730 (77.3) | 1368 (76.4) | 0.488 | 1087 (73.0) | 594 (71.3) | 0.408 |
| Statin | 1527 (43.2) | 770 (43.0) | 0.897 | 606 (40.7) | 340 (40.8) | 0.991 |
| Aspirin | 1779 (50.4) | 940 (52.5) | 0.150 | 695 (46.7) | 396 (47.5) | 0.721 |
| PPI | 2292 (64.9) | 1230 (68.7) | 0.006 | 758 (50.9) | 429 (51.5) | 0.817 |
| Score system, points | ||||||
| SOFA | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 6.1 (3.6) | 8.1 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
| OASIS | 38.4 (9.6) | 38.2 (9.5) | 0.435 | 29.8 (10.7) | 30.4 (10.6) | 0.141 |
| APSIII | 68.7 (27.6) | 67.7 (26.7) | 0.192 | 65.7 (25.1) | 67.1 (25.2) | 0.206 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1173 (33.2) | 636 (35.5) | 0.099 | 841 (56.5) | 484 (58.1) | 0.475 |
| Diabetes | 1220 (34.5) | 662 (37.0) | 0.085 | 554 (37.2) | 343 (41.2) | 0.066 |
| CKD | 1122 (31.8) | 601 (33.6) | 0.195 | 363 (24.4) | 194 (23.3) | 0.590 |
| Myocardial infarct | 670 (19.0) | 386 (21.6) | 0.028 | 149 (10.0) | 65 (7.8) | 0.092 |
| CHF | 1269 (35.9) | 682 (38.1) | 0.130 | 302 (20.3) | 153 (18.4) | 0.289 |
| COPD | 240 (6.8) | 137 (7.6) | 0.274 | 243 (16.3) | 146 (17.5) | 0.491 |
| Liver disease | 948 (26.8) | 280 (15.6) | < 0.001 | 90 (6.0) | 22 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| CCI, points | 6.4 (2.8) | 6.5 (3.2) | 0.486 | 4.5 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.080 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| MAP, mmHg | 106.8 (30.3) | 107.7 (31.1) | 0.333 | 85.6 (25.0) | 86.2 (24.0) | 0.565 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 106.6 (21.8) | 111.2 (24.1) | < 0.001 | 106.5 (29.1) | 110.5 (27.2) | 0.001 |
| RR, bpm | 28.8 (6.8) | 29.7 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 25.6 (9.1) | 26.1 (9.3) | 0.205 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||
| WBC, × 109/L | 15.4 (5.7) | 18.6 (6.9) | < 0.001 | 13.8 (5.4) | 17.3 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| HGB, g/dL | 9.6 (2.3) | 9.4 (2.1) | 0.001 | 10.9 (2.3) | 10.5 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| PLT, × 109/L | 164.5 (67.6) | 331.0(94.8) | < 0.001 | 150.0 (64.4) | 311.9 (109.6) | < 0.001 |
| HCT, % | 34.6 (7.6) | 34.5 (6.6) | 0.819 | 33.0 (6.8) | 32.3 (6.1) | 0.010 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.9 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 3.5 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| PAR | 4.3 (1.6) | 12.0 (5.1) | < 0.001 | 54.3 (1.7) | 11.4 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Bilirubin, mmol/L | 3.3 (1.9) | 2.2 (1.4) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Anion gap, mEq/L | 18.3 (5.4) | 18.7 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 13.2 (5.9) | 13.4 (6.2) | 0.393 |
| Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 23.6 (4.6) | 23.7 (4.7) | 0.683 | 22.8 (5.9) | 23.6 (6.4) | 0.003 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 38.8 (7.5) | 39.1 (10.3) | 0.742 | 38.6 (8.1) | 38.4 (10.7) | 0.002 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 186.9 (77.8) | 202.1(95.0) | < 0.001 | 166.9 (80.0) | 183.9 (86.9) | 0.004 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.8) | 0.473 | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.5 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.9 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.7) | 0.670 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139.8 (5.7) | 139.6 (5.7) | 0.263 | 137.6 (5.7) | 137.4 (5.5) | 0.247 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 8.6 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.1) | 0.290 | 8.5 (1.1) | 8.6 (1.1) | 0.123 |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 105.8 (7.3) | 105.6 (7.4) | 0.252 | 101.4 (7.8) | 100.3 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| PT, s | 19.9 (5.4) | 19.0 (6.8) | 0.024 | 18.9 (8.4) | 18.1 (7.0) | 0.019 |
| APTT, s | 50.7 (13.2) | 50.0 (14.6) | 0.497 | 38.0 (10.5) | 38.0 (10.9) | 0.992 |
| INR | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.010 | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | 0.009 |
| AKI stage, n (%) | 0.002 | 0.085 | ||||
| Stage I | 2760 (78.1) | 1322 (73.8) | 1205 (80.9) | 649 (77.9) | ||
| Stage II | 410 (11.6) | 253 (14.1) | 97 (6.5) | 61 (7.3) | ||
| Stage III | 363 (10.3) | 216 (12.1) | 187 (12.6) | 123 (14.8) | ||
| Clinical outcome | ||||||
| pAKI, n (%) | 753 (21.3) | 787 (43.9) | < 0.001 | 300 (20.1) | 301 (36.1) | < 0.001 |
PAR, platelet-to-albumin ratio, MV, mechanical ventilation, RRT, renal replacement therapy, ACEI/ARB, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers, CCB, Calcium calcium blockers, NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, PPI, proton pump inhibitor, SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment, OASIS, oxford acute severity of illness score, APSIII, acute physiology score III, CKD, chronic kidney disease, CHF, congestive heart failure, COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CCI, charlson comorbidity index, AKI, acute kidney injury, MAP, mean arterial pressure, RR, respiratory rate, WBC, white blood cell, HGB, hemoglobin, PLT, platelet, HCT, hematocrit, ALP, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, blood urea nitrogen, PT, prothrombin time, APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time, INR, international normalized ratio, AKI, acute kidney injury, pAKI, persistent AKI.