Table 4.
Multivariable analysis for urban and rural cohorts examining the association between the outcome ‘social participation index’ with personal, social network, house and neighborhoods characteristics
| Urban (n = 18,237) | Rural (n = 2,717) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Coeff (95% CI) | p-value | Coeff (95% CI) | p-value |
| Socio-demographic | ||||
| Age groups (referent: 65–74 years) | ||||
| 75 + years | -0.004 (-0.15, 0.14) | 0.958 | -0.21 (-0.60, 0.19) | 0.309 |
| Sex (referent: female) | ||||
| Male | -1.17 (-1.31, -1.02) | < 0.001 | -1.45 (-1.84, -1.07) | < 0.001 |
| Marital status (referent: married/common-law) | ||||
| Single/divorced/separated | -0.42 (-0.72, -0.13) | 0.005 | -1.12 (-1.74, -0.50) | < 0.001 |
| Widowed | 0.15 (-0.13, 0.44) | 0.297 | -0.25 (-0.78, 0.28) | 0.366 |
| Education (referent: completed high school) | ||||
| High school not completed | -0.66 (-0.94, -0.38) | < 0.001 | -0.95 (-1.59, -0.32) | 0.003 |
| Some post-secondary | 0.61 (0.40, 0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.20 (-0.34, 0.75) | 0.463 |
| University | 1.58 (1.35, 1.81) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (0.70, 1.87) | < 0.001 |
| Annual household income (referent: < $50,000) | ||||
| $50,000 - <$100,000 | 0.60 (0.42, 0.76) | < 0.001 | - | |
| $100,000+ | 0.51 (0.28, 0.73) | < 0.001 | - | |
| Health | ||||
| No functional impairment (referent: OARS: no) | -0.64 (-0.84, -0.46) | < 0.001 | -0.84 (-1.38, 0.31) | 0.003 |
| Chronic condition | ||||
| Heart | -0.17 (-0.33, -0.01) | 0.032 | - | |
| Diabetes | -0.56 (-0.73, -0.39) | < 0.001 | - | |
| Depression (referent: CESD < 10) | -0.69 (-0.89, -0.49) | < 0.001 | - | |
| BMI (referent: normal/underweight, < 25 kg/m2) | ||||
| Overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) | 0.51 (0.35, 0.67) | < 0.001 | - | |
| Obese (30 + kg/m2) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.42) | 0.011 | - | |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Smoking status (referent: never) | ||||
| Former | -0.50 (-0.65, -0.35) | < 0.001 | -0.21 (-0.61, 0.20) | 0.302 |
| Current | -2.59 (-2.89, -2.28) | < 0.001 | -2.19 (-3.01, -1.38) | < 0.001 |
| Drinking status (referent: no) | 0.49 (0.30, 0.67) | < 0.001 | - | |
| No Life satisfaction (referent: yes) | -1.38 (-1.61, -1.15) | < 0.001 | -1.37 (-2.02, -0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Social Network | ||||
| Number of living children (referent: none) | ||||
| 1–3 | 0.33 (0.09, 0.58) | 0.007 | - | |
| 4+ | 0.63 (0.36, 0.90) | < 0.001 | - | |
| House | ||||
| House ownership (referent: own) | ||||
| Rent | -0.34 (-0.62, -0.07) | 0.015 | 0.07 (-0.90, 1.04) | 0.887 |
| Dwelling type other than a house (referent: house) | 0.38 (0.19, 0.57) | < 0.001 | - | |
| Neighborhood | ||||
| Number of people living in the household | ||||
| 1–2 | -0.15 (-0.43, 0.12) | 0.266 | - | |
| ≥ 3 | -0.66 (-1.11, -0.21) | 0.004 | - | |
| Respondent disagreed (referent: agreed) | ||||
| lots of people in local area who would help if in trouble | -0.74 (-1.12, -0.36) | < 0.001 | - | |
| not feeling lonely living in local area | -0.75 (-1.03, -0.47) | < 0.001 | - | |
| a part of local area | -1.42 (-1.75, -1.09) | < 0.001 | -1.11 (-1.97, -0.25) | 0.012 |
| most people in local area can be trusted | - | -1.95 (-3.30, -0.59) | 0.005 | |
| not afraid to walk alone after dark in local area | - | -0.80 (-1.39, -0.22) | 0.007 | |
| Transportation | ||||
| Transportation in the past year other than self-driven | -0.81 (-1.12, -0.50) | < 0.001 | -1.05 (-1.79, -0.32) | 0.005 |
| Interaction | ||||
| Transportation * House Ownership | 1.02 (0.24, 1.80) | 0.010 | 2.78 (0.36, 5.21) | 0.024 |
Note: CLSA sampling weights were applied to all analyses to adjust for sampling probabilities
Dashes (-): Variable and/or its categories were non-significant (p > 0.05) in the multivariable model
Abbreviations: OARS, Older American Resources and Services Multidimensional Assessment scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale; BMI, Body Mass Index