Fig. 2.

Schematic summary of the current known mechanisms that trigger DA neuron death, and the action of different genes and compounds used to model PD. The loss of DA neurons could result from impaired protein degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-syn aggregation, and neuroinflammation, which can be induced by neurotoxic or genetic alteration. The reduced DA signaling through drug inhibition could also lead to a PD-like phenotype. LPS: lipopolysaccharide, DAT: dopamine transporter, VMAT: vesicular monoamine transporter, NM: neuromelanin, DA: dopamine. The figure was generated using BioRender.