Table 2.
Characteristics of the completed economic evaluations
| Study ID, main referencea | Type and design of analysis | Perspective | Location (city/ cities; country) | Enrolment periodb | Inclusion criteria (disease(s); type(s) of surgery; criteria for increased perioperative risk) | Population demographics | Number of patients randomised (total (IG vs. CG)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AlShewaier 2016 [37] | CUA; trial-based (RCT) | Unclear | Riyadh; Saudi Arabia | 07/2014–01/2015 | Isolated ACL injury; ACL reconstruction |
Female: 0%, male: 100% Median age: 27 years |
84 (39 vs. 45) |
| Barberan-Garcia 2019 [38] | CCA; trial-based (RCT) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Barcelona; Spain | 02/2013–06/2016 | Not specified; major digestive surgery; age > 70 years and/or ASA score ≥ III |
Female: 25%, male: 75% Mean age: 71 years |
125 (62 vs. 63) |
| Beaupre 2004 [39] | CMA; trial-based (RCT) | Payer perspective | Edmonton; Canada | Not reported | Non-inflammatory arthritis; primary TKA |
Female: 55%, male: 45% Mean age: 67 years |
131 (65 vs. 66) |
| Chen 2022 [40] | CBA; model-based (projection) | Provider perspective | Toronto; Canada | Not applicable (model) | Not specified; major elective intra-cavity surgery; higher-than-average risk, limited physiologic reserve, frailty, deconditioned patient, other indication for prehabilitation with explanation | Not reported | 480 (240 vs. 240) |
| Dholakia 2021 [41] | CEA; model-based (decision tree) | Payer perspective | Not reported; USA | Not applicable (model) | Epithelial ovarian cancer; non-emergent primary debulking surgery; frailty |
Female: 100%, male: 0% Age not reported |
8830 (4415 vs. 4415) |
| Englesbe 2017 [29] | CMA; trial-based (NRSI) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Ann Arbor; USA |
IG: 06/2014–12/2015c CG: 07/2006–06/2011 |
Not specified; major inpatient abdominal and thoracic operative care |
Female: 50%, male: 50% Mean age: 60 years |
364 (182 vs. 182) |
| Fernandes 2017 [42] | CUA; trial-based (RCT) | Mix of payer/ provider/patient perspective | Svendborg; Denmark | 01/2010–03/2011 | Symptomatic osteoarthritis; TKA, THA |
Female: 56%, male: 44% Mean age: 67 years |
165 (84 vs. 81) |
| Gao 2015 [43] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Unclear | Chengdu; China | 11/2008–06/2011 | Lung cancer; lobectomy; > 800 pack-years, quitted smoking < 2 weeks ago, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, impaired lung function |
Female: 59%, male: 41% Mean age: 66 years |
142 (71 vs. 71) |
| Gränicher 2020 [44] | CCA; trial-based (RCT) | Payer perspective | Zürich; Switzerland | 07/2016–03/2017 | Not specified; TKA |
Female: 40%, male: 60% Mean age: 67 years |
20 (10 vs. 10) |
| Howard 2019 [30] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Mix of payer/ provider perspective | Ann Arbor; USA | 01/2012–12/2017c | Not specified; major abdominal surgery |
Female: 49%, male: 51% Mean age: 59 years |
116 (76 vs. 40) |
| Huang 2012 [45] | CCA; trial-based (RCT) | Provider perspective | Changhua; Taiwan | 01/2008–12/2010 | Advanced osteoarthritis; primary TKA |
Female: 72%, male: 28% Mean age: 70 years |
243 (126 vs. 117) |
| Koh 2021 [46] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Patient perspective | Singapore; Singapore |
IG: 02/2017–03/2020 CG: 04/2016–09/2018 |
Colorectal cancer; major colectomy; age ≥ 70 years |
Female: 44%, male: 56% Median age: 78 years |
81 (58 vs. 23) |
| Lai 2017 [32] | CCA; trial-based (RCT) | Unclear; assumed provider perspective | Chengdu; China | 01/2015–12/2015d | Non-small cell lung cancer; lung cancer surgery; > 20 pack-years, age > 75 years, BMI > 30, impaired predicted lung function or COPD |
Female: 42%, male: 58% Mean age: 64 years |
101 (51 vs. 50) |
| Lai 2019 [33] | CCA; trial-based (RCT) | Unclear; assumed provider perspective | Chengdu; China | 01/2018-not reported | Non-small cell lung cancer; lobectomy |
Female: 51%, male: 49% Mean age: 64 years |
68 (34 vs. 34) |
| McGregor 2004 [47] | CEA; trial-based (RCT) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | London; UK | Not reported | Not specified; THA |
Female: 71%, male: 29% Mean age: 72 years |
39 (19 vs. 20) |
| Mouch 2019 [31] | CMA; trial-based (NRSI) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Multiple cities in Michigan; USA | 01/2014–12/2017c | Not specified; various types of surgery; high risk for complications (according to surgeon) |
Female: 53%, male: 47% Median age: 70 years |
1569 (523 vs. 1046) |
| Nguyen 2022 [48] | CUA; trial-based (RCT) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Paris, Clermont-Ferrand; France | 10/2012- not reported | Knee osteoarthritis; TKA |
Female: 68%, male: 32% Mean age: 69 years |
262 (131 vs. 131) |
| Pham 2016 [49] | CMA; trial-based (RCT) | Unclear; assumed provider perspective | Sudbury; Canada | Not reported | Osteoarthritis; TKA, THA; BMI ≥ 30 |
Female: 69%, male: 31% Mean age: 64 years |
50 (29 vs. 21) |
| Ploussard 2020 [50] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Quint-Fonsegrives; France |
IG: 01/2018–12/2019 CG: 01/2016–12/2017 |
Not specified; robot-assisted radical prostatectomy |
Female: 0%, male: 100% Mean age: 66 years |
350 (194 vs. 156) |
| Risco 2022 [51] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Provider perspective | Barcelona, Spain | 06/2017–12/2019 | Not specified; major digestive, cardiac, thoracic, gynaecologic or urologic surgeries; age > 70 years and/or ASA score ≥ III and/or severe deconditioning |
Female: 69%, male: 31% Median age 71 years |
656 (328 vs. 328) |
| Tew 2017 [52] | CEA; trial-based (RCT) | Mix of payer/provider perspective | Middlesbrough, Sheffield, York; UK | 09/2013–07/2015 | Abdominal aortic aneurysms; abdominal aortic aneurysm repair |
Female: 6%, male: 94% Mean age: 75 years |
53 (27 vs. 26) |
| Tveter 2020 [53] | CUA; trial-based (RCT) | Unclear; assumed mix of provider, payer and patient perspective | Trondheim, Bergen, Haugesund; Norway | 04/2013–06/2015 | Carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis; thumb carpometacarpal joint surgery |
Female: 79%, male: 21% Mean age: 63 years |
180 (90 vs. 90) |
| Van Wijk 2020 [54] | CBA; model-based (decision tree) | Not reported | Netherlands (nationwide) | Not applicable (model) | Not specified; pancreatic surgery; low physical fitness, impaired nutritional status, the presence of iron deficiency anaemia, frailty, and/or intoxications | Not reported | Not reported |
| Wang 2020 [55] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Unclear; assumed provider perspective | Singapore; Singapore | 02/2016–10/2017 | Hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal liver metastases; liver resection |
Female: 26%, male: 74% Median age: 67 years |
104 (70 vs. 34) |
| Zhou 2017 [34] | CCA; trial-based (NRSI) | Unclear; assumed patient perspective | Chengdu; China | 03/2014–06/2015d | Primary non-small cell lung cancer; lobectomy; ≥ 20 pack-years, BMI ≥ 28, impaired lung function, COPD/asthma/airway hyper reactivity |
Female: 56%, male: 44% Mean age: 59 years |
939 (197 vs. 742) |
ACL anterior cruciate ligament, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI body mass index, CBA cost–benefit analysis, CCA cost–consequence analysis, CEA cost-effectiveness analysis, CG control group, CMA cost-minimisation analysis, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CUA cost–utility analysis, IG intervention group, NRSI non-randomised study of interventions, RCT randomised controlled trial, THA total hip arthroplasty, TJA total joint arthroplasty, TKA total knee arthroplasty, UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America
a Further references relating to the included economic evaluations are cited in Additional file 1: Appendix 7
b Extracted from article or registration record (in that order)
c Overlapping population (Michigan, United States)
d Overlapping population (Chengdu, China)