Table 3.
Characteristics of the prehabilitation programmes evaluated in the completed economic evaluations
| Study ID, main reference | Type and modalities | Involved health care professionals | Setting | Overall duration, frequency and duration per sessiona | Intensity of exercise trainingb | Evidence-based programme | Programme costs in EUR (2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AlShewaier 2016 [37] | Unimodal: exercise (resistance, proprioception and balance) | Physiotherapists | Outpatient—hospital | 4 weeks, 3x/week, for 45 min | High | Yes | 838 |
| Barberan-Garcia 2019 [38] | Multimodal: counselling/education, exercise (endurance), promotion of physical activity | Specialised physiotherapist | Outpatient—hospital | Individual, but min 4 weeks, 1–3x/week, individual session duration | High | Yes | 457 |
| Beaupre 2004 [39] | Multimodal: counselling/education, exercise (resistance) | Physiotherapists | Outpatient—community | 4 weeks, 3x/week, individual and progressing session duration | High | No | 225 |
| Chen 2022 [40] | Multimodal: exercise (endurance, resistance, disease-specific), nutrition (counselling, supplements), psychosocial (stress management), smoking cessation | Kinesiologist or certified exercise physiologist, dietitian, psychologist | Outpatient—hospital (FBP group), home (HBP group) | Individual; min 2 weeks, 2x/week (FBP), 3–5x/week (HBP), for 60 min | Moderate | Yes | 798 |
| Dholakia 2021 [41] | Various (model): smoking cessation, stabilising diseases, nutrition (counselling, supplements), exercise (endurance, resistance, inspiratory muscles), psychosocial (stress management), counselling/education, other (social/financial support) | Variable (model) | Variable (model) | Variable (model) | Not applicable | No | Variable (model) |
| Englesbe 2017 [29] | Multimodal: promotion of physical activity, exercise (inspiratory muscles), nutrition (counselling), psychosocial (stress management), planning of care, smoking cessation | Not reported | Home | Individual; min 2 weeks, 3-7x/week, individual session duration | Not reported | No | 80 |
| Fernandes 2017 [42] | Multimodal: exercise (resistance, proprioception and balance) | Physiotherapists | Outpatient—hospital | Not reported but ‘An attendance of 12 sessions or more was considered good compliance’, implying ≥ 6 weeks, 2x/week, for 60 min | Not reported | No | 351 (824 when including patient expenses) |
| Gao 2015 [43] | Multimodal: exercise (inspiratory muscles, endurance) | Professional therapists | Inpatient | 3–7 days, 2x/day, for 50–60 min | Not reported | No | 246 |
| Gränicher 2020 [44] | Multimodal: exercise (endurance, stretching and flexibility, resistance; individual exercises when indicated), counselling/education | Physiotherapists | Outpatient—hospital | 3–4 weeks, 1.25–3x/week, individual session duration | Low to moderate | No | 283 |
| Howard 2019 [30] | Multimodal: promotion of physical activity, exercise (inspiratory muscles), nutrition (counselling), psychosocial (stress management), planning of care, smoking cessation | Not reported | Home | Individual; min 2 weeks, 3–7x/week, individual session duration | Not reported | No | 80 |
| Huang 2012 [45] | Multimodal: exercise (resistance), counselling/education | Physiotherapists | Home | 4 weeks, 7x/week, for 40 min (first session); remaining sessions individual | Not reported | No | 20 |
| Koh 2021 [46] | Multimodal: nutrition (supplements), exercise (resistance), counselling/education, drug evaluation, stabilising diseases | Dieticians, physiotherapists | Outpatient—community, hospitalc | 3 weeks, frequency not reported, individual session duration | Not reported | No | Not calculable |
| Lai 2017 [32] | Multimodal: exercise (inspiratory muscles, endurance) | Inpatient | 1 week, 3 + 2 + 1/day, for 45–60 min plus breathing exercises | Not reported | No | Not calculable | |
| Lai 2019 [33] | Multimodal: exercise (inspiratory muscles, endurance) | Specialised nurses, physical therapists | Inpatient | 1 week, 3 + 1/day, for 30 min plus breathing exercises | Not reported | No | Not calculable |
| McGregor 2004 [47] | Unimodal: counselling/education, exercise (not specified) | Not reported | Home | 1–3 weeksc, unclear frequency, individual session duration | Not reported | No | 22 |
| Mouch 2019 [31] | Multimodal: promotion of physical activity, exercise (inspiratory muscles), nutrition (counselling), psychosocial (stress management), planning of care, smoking cessation | Not reported | Home | Individual; min 2 weeks, 3-7x/week, individual session duration | Not reported | No | 54 |
| Nguyen 2022 [48] | Multimodal: counselling/education, nutrition (counselling), psychosocial (stress management, anxiety reduction), exercise (resistance, stretching and flexibility, endurance, proprioception and balance) | Physiotherapist, instructor in physical activity, social worker, dietician, psychologist, occupational therapist | Outpatient—hospital, home | 8 weeks, 2x/week, for 60 min | Low | Yes | 60 |
| Pham 2016 [49] | Multimodal: exercise (stretching and flexibility, resistance, endurance, proprioception and balance), counselling/education | Kinesiologist and/or Human Kinetics graduate student | Outpatient—community | 12 weeks, 3x/week, for 40–60 min | Moderate to high | Yes | 103 |
| Ploussard 2020 [50] | Multimodal: counselling/education, planning of care, exercise (disease-specific), promotion of physical activity, stabilising diseases, psychological (other), nutrition (counselling, supplements) | Urology nurse, physiotherapist, nurse anaesthetist, oncology nurse specialist, cardiologist (if needed), pneumologist (if needed), psychologist, dietician, urologist | Home | 2 weeksc, 2–3x/day, for 1 full day, then individual session duration | Not reported | No | 231 |
| Risco 2022 [51] | Multimodal: counselling/education, promotion of physical activity, exercise (endurance, resistance), nutrition (counselling, supplements), psychosocial (anxiety reduction, stress management, other) | Anaesthesiologists, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists and nurses | Outpatient—hospital | Min 4 weeks, 2-3x/week, for 47 min (endurance) and individual session duration (strength, physical activity) | High (endurance), moderate (strength) | Yes | 445 |
| Tew 2017 [52] | Unimodal: exercise (endurance) | Research nurse, physiotherapist | Outpatient—hospital | 4 weeks, 3x/week, for 45 min (after first 3 sessions option to do it in 37 min) | High | Yes | 1341 |
| Tveter 2020 [53] | Multimodal: counselling/education, other (assistive devices, orthoses), exercise (stretching and flexibility, resistance) | Occupational therapist | Home | 12 weeks, 3x/week, individual session duration | Moderate to high | Yes | Not reported |
| Van Wijk 2020 [54] | Various (model): not reported, but assumedly: exercisec, promotion of physical activity, nutrition, stabilizing diseases, alcohol cessation, smoking cessation | Variable (model) | Not reported | Variable (model) | Not reported | No information | 1446 |
| Wang 2020 [55] | Multimodal: exercise (inspiratory muscles), nutrition (counselling, supplements), counselling/education, planning of care, other (financial/social support) | Physiotherapist, dietician, case manager | Not reported | 2–4 weeks, 5x/week, for 30 min plus breathing exercises | Not reported | No | Not reported |
| Zhou 2017 [34] | Multimodal: exercise (inspiratory muscles, endurance) | Lung cancer nurse specialists, physiotherapists | Inpatient | 1 week, 2 + 3 + 1x/day, for 65–70 min | Not reported | No | Not calculable |
FBP facility-based prehabilitation, HBP home-based prehabilitation
a Referring to exercise element if multiple modalities
b As judged by an experienced physiotherapist
c Information obtained through author contact