Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study patients (n = 264)
| Variables | Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 61.0 (11.8) | 50.8 (15.4) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.955 | ||
| Male | 43 (54.4) | 100 (54.1) | |
| Female | 36 (45.6) | 85 (45.9) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.003 | ||
| Malay | 63 (79.7) | 122 (65.9) | |
| Chinese | 16 (20.3) | 40 (21.6) | |
| Indian | 0 (0) | 23 (12.4) | |
| Study site | 0.042 | ||
| Urban area | 49 (62.0) | 89 (48.4) | |
| Suburban area | 30 (38.0) | 96 (51.6) | |
| Marital status | 0.016 | ||
| Single | 7 (8.9) | 37 (20.0) | |
| Married | 49 (62.0) | 117 (63.2) | |
| Divorced/ widowed | 23 (29.1) | 31 (16.8) | |
| Education | 0.116 | ||
| Primary | 13 (16.5) | 20 (10.8) | |
| Secondary/ college | 39 (49.4) | 73 (39.5) | |
| Higher institution | 27 (34.2) | 92 (49.7) | |
| Family history of CRCb | 0.018 | ||
| First degree relative | 23 (29.5) | 30 (16.5) | |
| Second degree relative | 10 (12.8) | 15 (8.2) | |
| Distant relative | 3 (3.8) | 3 (1.6) | |
| No family history CRC | 42 (53.8) | 134 (73.6) | |
| Occupation | 0.074 | ||
| Government/ semi-government worker | 20 (32.7) | 66 (35.9) | |
| Private sector worker | 11 (13.9) | 35 (19.0) | |
| Self-employed/ Own business | 8 (10.1) | 24 (13.0) | |
| Housewife | 14 (17.7) | 16 (8.7) | |
| Unemployed | 4 (5.1) | 11 (6.0) | |
| Pensioner | 22 (27.8) | 32 (17.4) | |
| Monthly household income (MYR)c | 0.128 | ||
| < 3860 | 50 (63.3) | 99 (53.8) | |
| 3861–8319 | 27 (34.2) | 69 (37.5) | |
| ≥ 8320 | 2 (2.5) | 16 (8.7) | |
| Smoking status | 0.606 | ||
| Active smoker | 15 (19.0) | 34 (20.5) | |
| Former smoker | 17 (21.5) | 44 (26.5) | |
| Nonsmoker | 47 (59.5) | 88 (53.0) | |
| Vitamin/ mineral supplement intake | ≤ 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 46 (59.0) | 42 (23.1) | |
| No | 32 (41.0) | 140 (76.9) | |
| BMI | 0.004 | ||
| Underweight | 49 (62.0) | 78 (42.2) | |
| Normal | 4 (5.1) | 5 (2.7) | |
| Overweight/Obese | 26 (32.9) | 102 (55.1) | |
| WC (cm), malea | 89.4 (16.1) | 97.1 (13.1) | 0.004 |
| WC (cm), femalea | 85.4 (13.8) | 90.2 (15.6) | 0.115 |
| HC (cm), malea | 96.8 (5.4) | 101.7 (7) | ≤ 0.001 |
| HC (cm), femalea | 101.3 (13.6) | 103.9 (10.7) | 0.267 |
| WHR (cm), malea | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.245 |
| WHR (cm), femalea | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.182 |
| Body fat %, malea | 24.5 (6.7) | 26.7 (6.3) | 0.069 |
| Body fat %, femalea | 31.8 (7.5) | 34.5 (8.4) | 0.096 |
| Energy intake (kcal)a | 1881.4 (396.9) | 1946.0 (362.3) | 0.199 |
p-value was calculated using the Chi-Square test
aData presented in mean (SD) and p-value was calculated by the independent T-test
bSample size was not always n = 264 due to missing values
cBased on the cut-off of Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2015)