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. 2023 Jun 7;7(4):191–202. doi: 10.1093/evlett/qrad025

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEN).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Cryptic female choice results in coevolution even with weak selection and low risks of sperm competition. (A) Genetic correlations between cryptic female choice trait (f) and sperm trait (m) evolve within the first 200 generations and are maintained due to linkage disequilibrium. Black dashed line is at zero representing no correlation. Lines represent mean and bands represent standard deviation of 50 populations (separate runs) at each parameter combination. (B) When looking across populations, average f and m are highly correlated. Shown are the highest, lowest, and two random population trajectories of average f and m when there was a tradeoff and for different preference strengths (weak, strong) and risks of sperm competition (1.0, 0.25). Black dashed line represents a perfect correlation; black square represents starting values; circle dots represent the population ending point after 30,000 generations with different colors representing different populations. Note that the axes differ for the different subpanels. Only every 50 generations are shown due to computer memory constraints when plotting. Similar graphs at other parameter combinations can be made on the SI web app.