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. 2023 Jun 7;7(4):191–202. doi: 10.1093/evlett/qrad025

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEN).

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Evolution of sperm trait lags cryptic female choice trait and the length of this lag decreases with strength of cryptic female choice and risk of sperm competition. (A) Box plots and jittered points of generational lag that resulted in minimum mean absolute error (MAE) for different replicates during the last 2,000 generations of the simulation. Dashed horizontal line is at zero indicating no lag best fits the data. (B) Box plots and jittered points of the relative improvement in MAE of incorporating the best fit generational lag versus no lag. Dashed horizontal line is at zero indicating lag did not improve fit. (C) Line plot of an example population showing how the evolution of sperm trait (m; dashed) lags the evolution of cryptic choice trait (f; solid). The optimal lag in this example population was 49 generations and is when there was no tradeoff, risk of sperm competition was 0.25, and selection was strong.