Table 1.
Without controls | With controls Para 1 vs. para 2+ odds ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primipara para 1 | Multipara para 2+ | ||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
Characteristics | |||||
Age | 24.23 | 0.004 | 27.89 | 0.003 | |
Parity | 1.00 | 0.000 | 2.76 | 0.001 | |
Birth weight, kg | 3.31 | 0.000 | 3.37 | 0.000 | |
Labor and delivery | |||||
CPD, % | 6.68 | 0.020 | 1.68 | 0.009 | 4.74 (4.67, 4.81) |
Dysfunctional labor, % | 4.88 | 0.017 | 1.64 | 0.006 | 3.31 (3.27, 3.38) |
Prolonged labor, % | 1.95 | 0.011 | 0.46 | 0.004 | 4.67 (4.53, 4.80) |
Primary C-section, % | 23.79 | 0.033 | 6.98 | 0.016 | 5.36 (5.32, 5.41) |
Critical C-section a , % | 15.13 | 0.028 | 4.17 | 0.013 | 5.13 (5.08, 5.19) |
Operative delivery, % | 14.50 | 0.028 | 5.25 | 0.014 | 3.10 (3.07, 3.12) |
Fetal distress, % | 6.05 | 0.019 | 3.07 | 0.012 | 2.31 (2.29, 2.35) |
Fetus and neonate | |||||
Male, % | 51.37 | 0.038 | 51.11 | 0.032 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
Low birth weight, % | 7.18 | 0.020 | 6.78 | 0.016 | 1.32 (1.31, 1.34) |
Preterm birth, % | 10.27 | 0.023 | 10.84 | 0.020 | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) |
Birth weight <2.5 kg | 4.32 | 0.016 | 4.21 | 0.013 | 1.20 (1.19, 1.22) |
Birth weight ≥2.5 kg | 5.92 | 0.018 | 6.58 | 0.016 | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) |
Infant deaths | 8.24 | 0.070 | 9.23 | 0.061 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) |
Neonatal deaths | 5.69 | 0.058 | 5.54 | 0.047 | 1.39 (1.34, 1.44) |
Postneonatal deaths | 2.56 | 0.039 | 3.37 | 0.039 | 0.64 (0.61, 0.68) |
Fetal deaths | 10.25 | 0.077 | 18.80 | 0.086 | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) |
Infant and fetal deaths | 18.41 | 0.102 | 24.01 | 0.075 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
Raw means are tested for parity-related differences without controls (all significantly different, p < .001). Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals are established via logistic regression, controlling for maternal age, tobacco use, education, marital status, prenatal visits, diabetes, and race/ethnicity. Deaths are per 1,000 births. CPD = cephalopelvic disproportion; C-section = cesarian section.
See the Methods section.