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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Bioeth. 2022 Nov 30;23(8):22–32. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2146784
Moral Non-moral
General The trial will leave patients worse off. The trial is unlikely to answer the question it intends to, even if patients end up no worse off.
Personal A clinician’s conscience will not permit participation. Given the clinician’s current professional skills or capacities, the trial will be an excessive burden.