. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 19.

Published in final edited form as: J Biomed Inform. 2023 Apr 21;142:104368. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104368

Table 5.

Reported confounders from published studies investigating depression and AD (or dementia) from our pilot meta-review.

PMID	Exposure	Outcome	Confounders
27138970¹¹³	depression	dementia	age, sex, APOEɛ4 carrier status, educational level, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, cognitive score, antidepressant use, and disease status at baseline
33726788¹¹⁴	depression and cerebrovascular disease	dementia	age, sex, residential area, income level, comorbidities (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorder, peptic ulcer, mild liver disease, uncomplicated and complicated diabetes, hemiplegia, non-metastatic solid cancer, moderate or severe liver diseases, metastatic solid cancer)
23154050¹¹⁵	depression, mediated by AD pathology	AD	baseline cognition, age, education, the total number of medications, and brain weight at autopsy
28514478¹¹⁶	depression	dementia	age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, occupational position, smoking, longstanding physical illness, fruit and vegetable consumption, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, antidepressant use
19485655¹¹⁷	depression	dementia	age, gender, zygosity, i.e., “mono- or non-monozygotic twin status,” and years of education
28463236¹¹⁸	depression	dementia	age, date of birth, education, smoking, medical history
27138970¹¹³	depression	dementia	age, sex, APOe4 status, education, bmi, alcohol consumption, cognitive score, antidepressant usage, prevalence disease at baseline