Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (Year) |
Study Design | Country | Setting | Study Period | Number of Participants | TB Characteristics | HIV- Coinfection | Sex Distribution | Age of Participants (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TB Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 vs. TB Patients without SARS-CoV-2 (Coinfection Review) | |||||||||
| Kilic (2022) [13] |
Retrospective Cohort | Turkey | Outpatient | November 2019 to April 2020 |
20 participants in total; 4 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 16 only TB |
U | U | Co-infected: 25% female Only TB: 12% female |
Median Age of: Co-infected = 45 Only TB = 53 |
| Mohr-Holland (2021) [14] |
Retrospective Cohort | South Africa | Outpatient and Hospital | March 2020 to June 2021 |
139 participants in total; 36 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 103 only TB |
123 (88%) pulmonary TB; 139 (100%) RR-TB | 103 (74%) living with HIV | 48% female | Median: 35 (IQR 30–48) |
| Stochino† (2020) [15] |
Retrospective Cohort | Italy | Hospital | March to April 2020 | 24 participants in total; 20 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 4 only TB |
23 (96%) pulmonary TB; 3 (13%) RR-TB | 1 (4%) living with HIV | Co-infected: 40% female Only TB: 50% female |
Median Age of: Co-infected = 39 Only TB = 27 |
| du Bruyn (2021) [23] |
Retrospective Case-Control | South Africa | Hospital | June to August 2020 | 20 participants in total; 15 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 5 only TB |
2 (10%) RR-TB | 13 (65%) living with HIV | 52% female | Median Age of: Co-infected = 37 Only TB = 42 |
| Gubkina (2020) [16] |
Retrospective Cohort | Russia | Hospital | April to July 2020 | 25 participants in total; 8 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 17 only TB* |
18 (72%) pulmonary TB | U | 76% female | Median: 9 (Range: 3–12) |
| Gomes (2021) [17] |
Retrospective Cohort | Brazil | Hospital | September 2020 to February 2021 | 83 participants in total; 3 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 80 only TB** |
73 (88%) pulmonary TB; 48 (58%) RR-TB | 6 (7%) living with HIV | 40% female | Median: 55 |
| Zulmansyah (2021) [18] |
Retrospective Cohort | Indonesia | Hospital | June to November 2020 | 29 participants in total; 16 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 13 only TB |
U | 0 (0%) living with HIV | “Mostly male” | Range: 18–86 |
| Kumar (2021) [19] |
Retrospective Cohort | India | Outpatient and Hospital | October 2020 to March 2021 | 5409 participants in total; 184 TB/SARS-CoV-2 Co-infected, 5225 only TB |
U | U | 34% female | Median: 50 |
|
TB Patients Co-Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Receiving Corticosteroids or Other Immunomodulating Treatments vs. TB Patients Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Not Receiving These Treatments (Clinical Management Review) | |||||||||
| Jassat (2021) [21] |
Retrospective Cohort | South Africa | Hospital | October 2020 to April 2022 | 806 participants in total; 117 receiving steroid or IM treatment, 689 no treatment |
U | 435 (54%) living with HIV | Treatment = 47% female No Treatment = 45% female |
Median Age of: Treatment = 41 No Treatment = 44 |
| The TB/COVID-19 Global Study Group (2022) [20] |
Multi-Study Analysis (Retrospective Designs) | Multi-country (34 total) | Outpatient and Hospital | 2020–2021 | 118 participants in total;*** 23 receiving steroid or IM treatment, 95 no treatment |
99 (84%) pulmonary TB; 16 (14%) DR-TB | 16 (14%) living with HIV | 30% female | Median: 44 (IQR 31–58) |
| du Bruyn (2021) [23] |
Retrospective Case-Control | South Africa | Hospital | June to August 2020 | 15 participants in total; 8 receiving steroids or IM treatment, 7 no treatment |
2 (13%) RR-TB | 8 (53%) living with HIV | U | Median: 37 |
| Davies (2022) [22] |
Retrospective Cohort | South Africa | Hospital | November 2020 to January 2021 | 633 participants in total; 143 receiving steroid or IM treatment, 490 no treatment |
U | 390 (61.1%) living with HIV | Treatment = 47% female No Treatment = 51% female |
Median Age of: Treatment = 41 No Treatment = 40 |
Abbreviations: RR-TB, rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; DR-TB, drug-resistant tuberculosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; U, unknown; IM, immunomodulating.
*16/17 (94%) participants with only TB had evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection via serological test
**21/80 (26%) participants with only TB had evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection via serological test
***Of the 118 participants, 5 (4%) had SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed >28 days prior to TB, 52 (44%) had SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed within 28 days of TB, and 61 (52%) had SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed >28 days after initiating TB treatment; †One patient in this cohort is also reported in The TB/COVID-19 Global Study Group cohort, however they are not double counted in analyses.