Table 2. Characteristics and outcomes of the included studies.

ROBIN-I: Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions, EIB: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Study	Sports	Methods for EIB diagnosis	EIB prevalence (%)	Key findings and implications	ROBIN-I
Sidiropoulou et al., 2012 [18]	Football, basketball, and water polo	Questionnaire	24.4%	Young athletes can experience EIB during a football or basketball game, but to a smaller extent than during the free running test.	Moderate
Kukafka et al., 1998 [15]	Football players	Exercise challenge test	9%	Urban varsity athletes had a high proportion of recognized EIB, which suggests that active EIB screening may be necessary to identify students at risk for EIB and asthma, especially those living in low-income neighborhoods.	Moderate
Aissa et al., 2009 [19]	Football players	Exercise challenge test	30	Teenage amateur football players in Tunisia frequently have EIB. The prevalence varies by location and appears to be influenced by air humidity levels.	Moderate
Malewska-Kaczmarek et al., 2022 [20]	Football, horse riding, tennis, dance, athletics, cycling, martial arts, gymnastics, floorball, basketball, volleyball, handball, and swimming	Exercise challenge test	28	Athletes in their adolescence frequently suffer from EIB and asthma. This group requires special attention from doctors because the symptoms can result in both under- and overdiagnosis.	Moderate
Rupp et al., 1992 [16]	Football, basketball, baseball, soccer, track/cross-country, tennis, golf, softball, cheerleading	Exercise challenge test	61	61% of students with a medical history and positive spirometry tests had EIB. The information might have an impact on more thorough screening of the adolescent population.	Moderate
Hammerman et al., 2002 [17]	Football, baseball, soccer, track, lacrosse, field hockey, and volleyball	Exercise challenge test	5.7	The high school athlete with asthma requires regular care to ensure that the prescription medicines are working. The fact that these interventions work enables the athlete to perform to their highest level.	Moderate
Rika et al., 2008 [21]	Archery, athletics, gymnastics, lawn tennis, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, volleyball, weightlifting, badminton, basketball, soccer	Exercise challenge test	13.7	Adolescent athletes had a moderately high prevalence of EIB, which was more common in females. Additionally, a laboratory exercise challenge may cause EIB in a less asthmatic sport.	High
Sidiropoulou et al., 2005 [22]	Soccer	Questionnaire	40	When diagnosing bronchial hyperresponsiveness in young athletes, the identification of EIB by an exercise challenge test is helpful. The same research should be done on younger and older athletes who play various sports and activities.	Moderate
Ziaee et al., 2007 [23]	Soccer	Exercise challenge test	2.1	EIB is present in at least 2.1% of soccer players with no history of allergies or asthma. This value indicates that even if a soccer player has never had asthma or allergies, there is still a high likelihood that they may experience bronchospasm.	High
Mousinho Gomes, 2018 [24]	Soccer	Exercise challenge test	7	Low BIE prevalence was found in the group of semi-pro soccer players who had no exercise-related respiratory symptoms. It can be required for athletes who also compete in more arid and chilly areas to complete the challenge while breathing dry air.	Moderate