Table 1.

Hereditary cancer syndromes pre-disposing to differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Syndrome	Gene	Thyroid cancer type	Lifetime thyroid cancer risk	Other features
Cowden syndrome	PTEN	FTC, PTC	3–10 %	Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, goiter, macrocephaly, uterine fibroids, colon polyps, and Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Familial adenomatous polyposis	APC	PTC, cribriform morular variant	2 %	Marked colonic polyposis, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
Carney complex	PRKAR1A	FTC, PTC	Unknown	Pigmented abnormalities of the skin, myxomas, schwannomas, and endocrine tumors
Werner syndrome	WRN	FTC	Unknown	Scleroderma-like skin changes, bilateral cataracts, graying and loss of hair, diabetes mellitus, and other cancers