Table 4:

Weighted penalized (Firth correction) logistic regression models of ACEs at Wave 1 predicting past-year alcohol dependence at Wave 3.

	Main Effects Total Samplea	Main Effects Whiteb	Main Effects Blackb	Main Effects Latinxb
ACEs at Wave 1	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	Diff.
Traditional
Touched in unwanted sexual way	3.32 [2.04, 5.23] *	4.72 [2.36, 9.07] *	2.62 [0.02, 32.50]	3.32 [2.04, 5.23] *
Lived with someone with drinking or drug problem	4.44 [3.50, 5.62] *	4.88 [3.59, 6.61] *	1.77 [0.40, 5.62]	4.44 [3.50, 5.62] *
Parents or guardians were ever separated or divorced	0.60 [0.45, 0.79] *	0.60 [0.42, 0.84]c	1.43 [0.60, 3.27]	0.60 [0.45, 0.79] *
Cumulative traditional ACEs	1.24 [1.15, 1.34] *	1.18 [1.08, 1.30] *	0.86 [0.56, 1.27]	1.24 [1.15, 1.34] *
Expanded
Bullying	2.32 [1.88, 2.86] *	2.53 [1.94, 3.30] *	0.92 [0.41, 2.06]	2.32 [1.88, 2.86] *
Life-threatening illness	0.15 [0.07, 0.30] *	0.29 [0.12, 0.56] *	0.24 [0.00, 1.84]	0.15 [0.07, 0.30] *
Neighborhood violence	0.66 [0.53, 0.83] *	0.56 [0.41, 0.74] *	0.92 [0.38, 2.13]	0.66 [0.53, 0.83] *
Arrested or incarcerated	1.86 [1.45, 2.38] *	1.45 [1.04, 2.00]c	1.92 [0.72, 4.69]	1.86 [1.45, 2.38] *
Poverty	1.31 [1.05, 1.62]c	2.01 [1.54, 2.63] *	0.14 [0.02, 0.46] *	1.31 [1.05, 1.62]c	BW, LW
Cumulative expanded ACEs	1.23 [1.15, 1.32] *	1.21 [1.11, 1.32] *	1.08 [0.81, 1.44]	1.23 [1.15, 1.32] *

Notes: Diff.: Difference tests across racial/ethnic groups.

^*Odds ratio statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05/20 in the total sample; p < 0.05/60 in models with two-way interactions); ^BW significant difference between Black and White youth; ^LW significant difference between Latinx and White youth; ^BL significant difference between Black and Latinx youth. Four different models were estimated: One where all traditional ACEs were included simultaneously, one where traditional ACEs were included as a cumulative score, one where all expanded ACEs were included simultaneously, and one where expanded ACEs were included as a cumulative score. All models adjusted for youth age and sex, family income, parental education, and parental marital status, all measured at Wave 1.

^aAnalyses in the total sample also adjusted for race/ethnicity.

^bMain effects among White, Black, and Latinx youth were derived from models that included two-way interactions between race/ethnicity and ACEs (rather than estimating separate models for each racial/ethnic group).

^cOdds ratio statistically significant at conventional levels (p < 0.05) but not after adjusting for multiple comparisons.