Table 1.
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population
| Total (n=513) | HVSI=0 (HVSI=0, n=253) | Low HVSI (HVSI 0.01–0.20, n=132) | High HVSI (HVSI>0.20, n=128) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y | 73.0 (63.0–81.0) | 72.0 (62.0–80.0) | 76.0 (68.0–82.0) | 71.0 (59.0–79.0) | 0.007 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 289 (56.3) | 148 (58.5) | 71 (53.8) | 70 (54.7) | 0.616 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.6 (20.3–25.4) | 22.8 (20.6–25.6) | 22.2 (19.9–24.8) | 22.7 (20.2–25.1) | 0.265 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118.0 (106.0–131.0) | 120.0 (107.0–131.0) | 122.0 (109.0–137.0) | 110.0 (100.3–125.8) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 66.0 (59.0–75.0) | 66.0 (59.5–76.0) | 65.0 (58.0–75.0) | 67.0 (58.0–74.0) | 0.570 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 69.0 (61.0–81.0) | 70.0 (61.0–82.0) | 68.0 (60.0–77.0) | 70.0 (62.0–84.8) | 0.122 |
| New York Heart Association class III or IV, n (%) | 167 (33.9) | 68 (28.6) | 41 (31.8) | 58 (46.0) | 0.003 |
| Etiology, n (%) | |||||
| ischemic/myopathy/valvular/arrhythmia/pulmonary/congenital/others | 101 (19.7)/126 (24.6)/178 (34.7)/48 (9.4)/41 (8.0)/8 (1.6)/11 (2.1) | 56 (22.1)/57 (22.5)/90 (35.6)/21 (8.3)/21 (8.3)/4 (1.6)/4 (1.6) | 28 (21.2)/35 (26.5)/48/(36.4)/8 (6.1)/7 (5.3)/2 (1.5)/4 (3.0) | 17 (13.3)/34 (26.6)/40 (31.3)/19 (14.8)/13 (10.2)/2 (1.6)/3 (2.3) | 0.311 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 181 (35.3) | 75 (29.6) | 44 (33.3) | 62 (48.4) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 333 (64.9) | 169 (66.8) | 88 (66.7) | 76 (59.4) | 0.317 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 333 (64.9) | 173 (68.4) | 88 (66.7) | 72 (56.3) | 0.057 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 186 (36.3) | 96 (37.9) | 57 (43.2) | 33 (25.8) | 0.057 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 338 (65.9) | 162 (64.0) | 86 (65.2) | 90 (70.3) | 0.464 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 236 (46.0) | 108 (42.7) | 63 (47.7) | 65 (50.8) | 0.293 |
| Medications | |||||
| β‐blocker, n (%) | 351 (68.4) | 178 (70.4) | 85 (64.4) | 88 (68.8) | 0.488 |
| ACE‐I/ARB/ARNI, n (%) | 320 (62.4) | 166 (65.6) | 74 (56.1) | 80 (62.5) | 0.185 |
| ACE‐I, n (%) | 203 (39.6) | 103 (40.7) | 48 (36.4) | 52 (40.6) | 0.682 |
| ARB, n (%) | 138 (26.9) | 75 (29.6) | 28 (21.2) | 35 (27.3) | 0.207 |
| ARNI, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ‐ |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, n (%) | 181 (35.3) | 70 (27.7) | 45 (34.1) | 66 (51.6) | <0.001 |
| Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, n (%) | 35 (6.8) | 17 (6.7) | 11 (8.3) | 7 (5.5) | 0.655 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 333 (64.9) | 146 (57.7) | 84 (63.6) | 103 (80.5) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; and HVSI, hepatic venous stasis index.
*
A P value indicates statistically significance in comparison across all groups.