Table 2.
Laboratory Data of the Study Population
| Total (n=513) | HVSI=0 (HVSI=0, n=253) | Low HVSI (HVSI 0.01–0.20, n=32) | High HVSI (HVSI>0.20, n=128) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Total protein, g/dL | 6.8±0.7 | 6.9±0.8 | 6.8±0.6 | 6.7±0.7 | 0.377 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.8 (3.4–4.2) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 0.003 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | <0.001 |
| Direct bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 23.0 (18.0–29.0) | 23.0 (18.0–28.0) | 22.0 (19.0–29.0) | 23.5 (19.0–30.0) | 0.321 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 18.0 (12.0–27.0) | 19.0 (13.0–29.8) | 16.0 (12.0–24.0) | 17.0 (13.3–26.0) | 0.094 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 217.0 (188.0–260.0) | 213.5 (182.0–250.8) | 222.0 (186.0–266.0) | 224.0 (200.0–267.8) | 0.039 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 239.0 (188.0–295.0) | 231.0 (183.5–276.5) | 239.0 (185.5–303.0) | 262.0 (199.0–341.0) | 0.025 |
| Gamma‐glutamyl transferase, U/L | 35.0 (20.0–70.0) | 32.0 (19.0–62.0) | 30.5 (18.0–59.8) | 50.0 (27.0–92.0) | <0.001 |
| Cholinesterase, U/L | 250.0 (197.5–306.0) | 266.0 (214.0–324.0) | 240.5 (188.0–289.0) | 234.0 (173.0–282.0) | <0.001 |
| 7S domain of collagen type IV, ng/mL | 5.5 (4.5–6.9) | 5.2 (4.3–6.5) | 5.2 (4.5–6.4) | 6.7 (5.5–8.5) | <0.001 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.24 (0.09–0.98) | 0.22 (0.08–0.86) | 0.22 (0.08–1.19) | 0.33 (0.10–1.22) | 0.373 |
| B‐type natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 183.4 (78.7–374.7) | 129.1 (61.3–280.9) | 217.8 (111.8–420.8) | 223.1 (117.9–494.8) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 19.0 (15.0–25.8) | 19.0 (15.0–25.0) | 20.0 (16.0–26.0) | 20.0 (15.0–25.8) | 0.740 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 0.97 (0.82–1.19) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 1.04 (0.83–1.21) | 0.684 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73 cm2 | 52.0 (40.3–64.0) | 53.0 (41.0–65.0) | 52.0 (37.0–63.0) | 50.0 (39.3–62.0) | 0.392 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140.0 (138.0–141.0) | 140.0 (138.0–141.0) | 140.0 (139.0–141.0) | 140.0 (138.0–142.0) | 0.231 |
| White blood cell, 103/μL | 5.5 (4.6–6.7) | 5.7 (4.8–6.9) | 5.4 (4.4–6.4) | 5.3 (4.5–6.6) | 0.047 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.8 (11.2–14.4) | 12.9 (11.4–14.6) | 12.5 (10.7–14.1) | 12.6 (11.1–14.5) | 0.051 |
| Platelet, 103/μL | 193.0 (153.0–248.0) | 188.5 (152.0–243.0) | 191.0 (154.0–245.0) | 207.5 (154.3–257.3) | 0.566 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Left ventricle ejection fraction, % | 53.0 (34.7–62.0) | 55.0 (36.0–63.1) | 52.0 (35.0–62.0) | 50.0 (30.0–61.0) | 0.145 |
| Left ventricular outflow tract velocity‐time integral, cm | 16.0 (12.6–20.0) | 16.5 (13.2–19.9) | 16.3 (13.0–20.5) | 14.5 (11.0–19.4) | 0.015 |
| Left atrial volume, mL | 88.0 (66.0–119.7) | 82.0 (58.5–105.5) | 86.0 (67.0–117.2) | 109.5 (79.3–148.0) | <0.001 |
| Early trans mitral flow velocity to mitral annular velocity ratio | 13.8 (9.7–19.1) | 12.6 (9.1–16.6) | 15.4 (10.9–20.1) | 14.4 (10.8–21.6) | 0.001 |
| Right atrial end systolic area, cm2 | 18.6 (14.0–24.0) | 18.0 (14.0–23.0) | 15.0 (12.7–23.0) | 21.0 (17.1–27.5) | <0.001 |
| Right ventricle area diastole, cm2 | 19.4 (14.8–25.2) | 19.4 (15.4–26.0) | 15.6 (12.0–26.2) | 20.6 (16.8–24.7) | 0.073 |
| Right ventricle area systole, cm2 | 11.2 (9.0–16.8) | 11.9 (9.5–17.6) | 9.2 (7.3–13.8) | 13.5 (10.5–17.9) | 0.023 |
| Right ventricular fractional area change, % | 38.0 (32.0–44.0) | 38.0 (32.0–44.0) | 38.5 (31.6–46.0) | 32.0 (23.5–39.0) | <0.001 |
| Inferior vena cava diameter, mm | 15.0 (13.0–18.1) | 14.0 (12.0–17.0) | 15.0 (12.3–18.0) | 18.0 (14.7–21.0) | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, mm Hg | 24.0 (19.0–32.0) | 23.0 (18.8–31.0) | 24.0 (19.0–31.0) | 28.0 (20.5–36.5) | 0.005 |
| Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, mm | 17.2 (14.4–20.0) | 17.6 (14.8–20.3) | 17.2 (14.7–20.2) | 16.1 (12.1–19.5) | 0.009 |
| Tissue Doppler‐derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (tricuspid valve S′), cm/s | 9.8 (7.9–11.3) | 9.9 (8.0–11.3) | 10.2 (8.7–11.5) | 9.0 (7.5–10.5) | 0.081 |
| Tricuspid insufficiency, n (%) | |||||
| None‐trivial/mild/moderate/severe | 345 (67.3)/105 (20.5)/49 (9.6)/14 (2.7) | 176 (69.6)/52 (20.6)/24 (9.5)/1 (0.4) | 95 (72.0)/25 (18.9)/11 (8.3)/1 (0.8) | 74 (57.8)/28 (21.9)/14 (10.9)/12 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Right heart catheterization (n=310) | |||||
| Mean right atrium pressure, mm Hg | 6.0 (4.0–9.3) | 6.0 (3.0–8.0) | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | <0.001 |
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mm Hg | 22.0 (17.0–31.0) | 20.0 (15.0–27.0) | 21.0 (17.0–30.0) | 25.0 (19.8–35.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure, mm Hg | 13.0 (9.0–19.0) | 12.0 (7.0–17.0) | 14.0 (9.0–21.0) | 16.0 (12.0–21.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index, L/min per m2 | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | 2.4 (2.1–2.9) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | 2.2 (2.0–2.6) | 0.112 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (WoodU) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 2.5 (1.8–4.6) | 0.005 |
| Abdominal ultrasonography | |||||
| Aorta preceliac peak systolic velocity, cm/s | 60.4 (48.3–73.8) | 59.7 (48.9–74.5) | 60.7 (46.5–73.7) | 60.9 (48.7–73.7) | 0.804 |
| Aorta preceliac velocity time integral, cm | 19.2 (15.5–23.4) | 19.2 (16.0–23.6) | 19.8 (15.6–23.4) | 18.3 (14.5–23.3) | 0.354 |
| Hepatic vein waveform groups | |||||
| C/U/R group, n (%) | 256 (49.9)/91 (17.7)/166 (32.4) | 239 (94.5)/14 (5.5)/0 (0) | 7 (5.3)/64 (48.5)/61 (46.2) | 10 (7.8)/13 (10.2)/105 (82.0) | <0.001 |
| Renal venous stasis index | 0.09 (0.00–0.23) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.08–0.13) | 0.24 (0.11–0.33) | <0.001 |
| Intrarenal venous flow patterns, n (%) | |||||
| Continuous/biphasic/monophasic pattern/others | 339 (67.9)/97 (19.4)/61 (12.2)/2 (0.4) | 210 (86.1)/20 (8.2)/14 (5.7)/0 (0.0) | 85 (65.4)/29 (22.3)/16 (12.3)/0 (0.0) | 44 (35.2)/48 (38.4)/31 (24.8)/2 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Shear wave elastography, m/s | 1.36 (1.24–1.50) | 1.33 (1.22–1.46) | 1.33 (1.24–1.44) | 1.46 (1.31–1.66) | <0.001 |
| Shear wave dispersion, [m/s]/kHz | 10.0 (8.90–12.0) | 9.8 (8.8–11.0) | 9.8 (8.5–11.9) | 11.3 (9.5–14.3) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD, or median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). HVSI indictes hepatic venous statis index.
*
A P value indicates statistically significance in comparison across all groups.