Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Ketone/placebo with preceding aspirin and niacin/placebo (n=12) | Ketone/placebo without aspirin (n=16) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 11/1 | 14/2 | 1.00 |
| Age, y | 64±11 | 60±12 | 0.38 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30±5 | 26±5 | 0.07 |
| IHD, n (%) | 6 (50%) | 12 (75%) | 0.17 |
| AFIB, n (%) | 3 (25%) | 1 (6%) | 0.28 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 72 (67–84) | 67 (58–72) | 0.07 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 120±14 | 130±18 | 0.15 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 76±13 | 77±10 | 0.78 |
| NT‐proBNP, ng/L | 360 (206–1113) | 617 (418–1306) | 0.15 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41±4 | 39±4 | 0.24 |
| eGFR, mL | 85 (71–90) | 90 (66–90) | 0.82 |
| NYHA class | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–2) | 0.06 |
| LVEF, (%) | 33±5 | 36±4 | 0.16 |
| GLS, (%) | −9.3±4 | −10±3 | 0.60 |
| ACE‐I/ARB, n (%) | 8 (67%) | 15 (94%) | 0.13 |
| Platelet inhibitors, n (%) | 4 (33%) | 12 (75%) | 0.05 |
| β‐blockers, n (%) | 12 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 1.00 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 7 (58%) | 8 (50%) | 0.66 |
| MRA, n (%) | 11 (92%) | 10 (63%) | 0.08 |
| Statin, n (%) | 8 (67%) | 14 (88%) | 0.35 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 3 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 0.07 |
| ICD/CRT/CRT‐D, n (%) | 7 (58%) | 12 (75%) | 0.43 |
Data are mean±SD or median (interquartile range). ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; AFIB, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin‐2 receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT‐D, implantable cardioverter defibrillators with cardiac resynchronization capabilities; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro brain‐natriuretic‐peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; and SGLT2, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2.